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Biology > nervous system - minus feedback loops > Flashcards

nervous system - minus feedback loops Flashcards

1
Q

what is the nervous system made of

A

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

what body parts make up the central nervous system?

A

Brain, Spinal cord

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3
Q

what neuron’s make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

motor neurons, sensory neurons

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4
Q

what is an automatic nervous system, what muscles are applied (?) and an example

A

involuntary, smooth and cardiac, eg. heart beating

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5
Q

what is somatic nervous system, what muscles are applied (?) and example

A

voluntary, skeletal muscle, walking

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6
Q

what is sympathetic?

A

stress reaction, “fight or flight” reaction

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7
Q

what is parasympathetic?

A

returning to relaxed state, “rest and digest” reaction

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8
Q

what are schwann cells

A

type of glial cell that supports the nervous system

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9
Q

what are nerves

A

hundreds if individual neurons grouped into bundles

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10
Q

what are neurons

A

the functional unit of the NS

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11
Q

what are the parts of a neuron

A

dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, Schwann cells, node of ranvier, nucleus, axon bulb

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12
Q

what is dendrites?

A

receives information

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13
Q

what is cell body?

A

contains nucleus

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14
Q

what is the axon?

A

extension of cytoplasm

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15
Q

what is myelin sheath

A

white protein covering axons, acting as an insulator

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16
Q

what are schwann cells

A

glial cell forming sheath

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17
Q

what is neurilemma?

A

outer layer of myelin sheath

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18
Q

what are effectors?

A

carries response, muscle/glands

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19
Q

what is electrical impulse?

A

impulse that only goes in one direction

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20
Q

what are the three types of neurons

A

sensory neuron, interneurons, motor neurons

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21
Q

what is the physique of a sensory neuron

A

cell body on the side, dendrites further from the cell body, has a myelin sheath

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22
Q

what is the physique of an interneuron?

A

shorter, no myelin sheath

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23
Q

what is the physique of a motor neuron

A

dendrites right off cell body, has myelin sheath

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24
Q

what are the eight steps in THE REFLEX ARC

A
  1. stimulus
  2. sensory receptors
  3. sensory neuron
  4. interneuron
  5. CNS (brain or spine) - differs on which is closer to stimulus
  6. motor neuron
  7. effectors (muscle/glands)
  8. response
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25
Q

what is action potential

A

signals conducted by axons, massive change in membrane voltage

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26
Q

what is membrane potential?

A

charge separation across the membrane, type of potential energy

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27
Q

what is resting membrane potential?

A

potential difference across membrane in resting neuron

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28
Q

what does the sodium-potassium pump DO?

A

pumps using ATP
3 sodiums (Na+) goes OUT
2 potassiums (K+) goes IN

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29
Q

how does action potential work?

A

all or nothing

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30
Q

where does action potential occur?

A

node of ranvier/axon

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31
Q

what happens at the POLARIZED STATE?

A

NOR is at rest, @ -70 mV, uses ATP for pump, 3Na+ out, 2K+ in

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32
Q

what happens at the DEPOLARIZED STATE?

A

at +40 mV, facilitated diffusion, Na+ enters

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33
Q

what happens at HYPERPOLARIZATION?

A

in the process of being polarized, @ -90 mV, facilitated diffusion, K+ leaves

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34
Q

what happens at REPOLARIZATION?

A

is at the repolarized state, @ -70 mV, uses active transport, 3Na+ out, 2K+ in to return to original state

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35
Q

what are the steps in action potential

A
  1. resting potential
  2. depolarization
  3. repolarization
  4. hyperpolarization
  5. repolarized
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36
Q

what is the threshold?

A

a specific membrane voltage that excites cell

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37
Q

what is salatory conduction?

A

action potential jumping from node to node, the speed of transmission is faster of a myelinated neuron

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38
Q

what is multiple sclerosis?

A

auto immune disorder, immune system attacks myelin sheath in PNS

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39
Q

what is a synapse?

A

small space/gap between neurons and effectors

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40
Q

what is chemical synapses?

A

involves the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters from pre-synaptic neuron

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41
Q

what is an excitatory NT

A

FIRES reaction (depolarization)

42
Q

what are the five steps of excitatory neurotransmitter?

A
  1. action potential moves presynaptic neuron-axon
  2. vesicles moves towards presynaptic axon, fuse with membrane
  3. vesicles release neurotransmitters into synapse by exocytosis
  4. NT binds with receptor proteins, causing depolarization
  5. enzyme breaks down NT, chemicals taken back to presynaptic neuron
43
Q

what is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

STOPS reaction

44
Q

what are the five steps of inhibitory NT?

A
  1. action potential moves presynaptic neuron-axon
  2. vesicles moves towards presynaptic axon, fuse with membrane
  3. vesicles release neurotransmitters into synapse by exocytosis
  4. NT binds with receptor protein, causing hyperpolarization of postsynaptic neuron
  5. enzyme breaks down NT, chemicals taken back to presynaptic neuron
45
Q

what is acetylcholine and what does it do?

A

a neurotransmitter that helps with muscle contraction

46
Q

what is cholinesterase?

A

an enzyme made to break down acetylcholine

47
Q

what is the function of the CNS?

A

structural/functional centre of ENTIRE NERVOUS SYSTEM, receives incoming info, evaluates and initiates outgoing responses

48
Q

why can an injury on the spinal cord cause paralysis?

A

it is the vital communicator between the brain and PNS, severely injuring spinal cord can cause loss of communication, cuts communication between sensory and motor neurons

49
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A

involved with unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes and body movements

50
Q

what is the medulla oblongata

A

automatic, involuntary responses

51
Q

what is pons?

A

relay centre between cerebral of right and left halves of cerebrum, cerebellum and rest of brain

52
Q

what is the midbrain?

A

relays visual/auditory info between areas of hindbrain and forebrain, controls eye movement and control of skeletal muscle

53
Q

what is the thalamus

A

consists neurons providing connections between various parts of the brain

54
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

contains neurons controlling blood pressure, heart rate, body temp, and basic drives. major link to nervous and endocrine system

55
Q

what is the cerebrum

A

centers for intellect, memory, consciousness and language. interprets/controls response to sensory info

covered with a thin layer of grey matter called cerebral cortex

56
Q

what is corpus callosum

A

nerves connecting left and right sides of brain

57
Q

what are the three parts of the brain

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

58
Q

what are the parts of the hindbrain

A

cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons

59
Q

what are the parts of the forebrain

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum

60
Q

what are the four lobes of the brain?

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

61
Q

what is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

motor movement, memory, personality, critical thinking

62
Q

what is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

sensory, perception (taste and touch)

63
Q

what is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

visual processing

64
Q

what is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

auditory processing

65
Q

what are sympathetic responses?

A

pupils dialate
air passages dialate
liver is stimulated to release glucose
inhibits digestion/urination
constricts bronchioles
increases activity of stomach and pancreas

66
Q

what are parasympathetic responses

A

pupils constrict
air passages constrict
stimulates gallbladder to release bile
digestion and urination stimulated

67
Q

what are somatic nerves, and what is the role of sensory and motor neurons

A

voluntary control of head, torso, limbs
sensory: input on environment
motor: output on environment

68
Q

what are automatic nerves and what does it do

A

involuntary control of body, controlled by hypothalamus and medulla oblongata
controls glands, smooth/cardiac muscle (effectors), maintains homeostasis

69
Q

what is the sclera

A

thick white part of the eye, support and protection

70
Q

what is a choroid

A

black middle layer under sclera, absorbs scattered light

71
Q

what are sensory ligaments

A

strings connected to lens, pulls/relaxes lens

72
Q

what is the iris

A

coloured part of the eye, controls size of pupils

73
Q

what is a pupil

A

hole in the eye, lets light into eye

74
Q

what is lens?

A

focuses light of fovea, allows accomodation

75
Q

what is cornea?

A

clear part of sclera, protection, first structure to converge (bend) light rays

76
Q

what is the aqueous humour

A

fluid filled space, maintains shape of the eye

77
Q

what is ciliary muscle?

A

attaches to suspensory ligaments, contracts and relaxes to control shape of eye using suspensory ligaments

78
Q

what is the vitreous humour

A

back fluid filled space, maintains shape of eye

79
Q

what is retina

A

yellow inner layer, photo receptor (rods and cones)

80
Q

what is the fovea centralis

A

dark spot/indent at the back of the retina, highest concentration of cones

81
Q

what is the optic disk

A

blind spot in eye, optic leaves eye (no rods/cones)

82
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

carries nerve impulses to occipital lobe (brain)

83
Q

what does it mean when an eye adapts?

A

pupil changes shape (contradicts or dialate), responds to the amount of light entering the eye

84
Q

what does it mean when the eye accomodates

A

lens changes shape (rounding of lens), how we focus

85
Q

what are rods?

A

photo receptor that allows us to see in dark light (black and white)

86
Q

what are cones?

A

photo receptors that allow us to see colour, most dense at fovea centralis

87
Q

what is the outer ear?

A

collects soundwaves, channels them to ear cannal

88
Q

what is the middle ear

A

transfer sound vibrations from eardrum to inner ear

89
Q

what is the inner ear

A

contains cochlea/semicircular canals

90
Q

what is the pinna

A

outside flap of ear, shaped to enhance sound vibration to focus into ear

91
Q

what is the auditory canal

A

tube leading to eardrum in middle of ear

92
Q

what is typanum

A

first structure to move (eardrum)

93
Q

what are ossicles

A

sound is amplified and passed to oval window

94
Q

what is eustachian tube

A

equalizes ear pressure

95
Q

what is the cochlea

A

contains specialized haircells that respond to sound waves

96
Q

what are semicircular canals

A

maintains balance

97
Q

what is the oval window

A

concentrates vibrations into membrane

98
Q

what is the auditory nerve

A

haircells bend, electrical impulses sent to brain (temporal lobe)

99
Q

what is the order of sound waves as they pass through the ear?

A

pinna > auditory canal > tympanum (eardrum) > ossicles > oval window > cochlea

100
Q

what are the four types of sensory receptors

A

chemoreceptors?

101
Q

what is a negative feedback loop

A

when product of reaction leads to decrease of output, reestablish homeostasis in system

Biology (3 decks)

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