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Neuro > Nervous System: Major Components > Flashcards

Nervous System: Major Components Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts the nervous system is divided into?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What part of the nervous system consists of the brain, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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3
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A

Brain
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord

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4
Q

What part of the nervous system consists of nerves leading to and from the CNS, including cranial nerves leaving the brain stem, and spinal roots exiting the spinal cord to form peripheral nerves?

A

Peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A

Nerves leading to and from the CNS (cranial nerves leaving the brainstem and spinal roots exiting the spinal cord to form peripheral nerves)

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6
Q

What type of nerves connect the CNS (brain and spinal cord) with the rest of the body to receive and share information (sensory) and control functions (motor)

A

Peripheral nerves

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7
Q

What two systems is the PNS divided into?

A

Somatic (body) nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

Which system contains voluntary reactions to outside stimulation under conscious control?

A

Somatic (body) nervous system

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9
Q

Which system has 31 pairs of spinal nerves to control muscle contraction and receive sensory information from the body?

A

Somatic (body) nervous system-PNS

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10
Q

Which system has 12 pairs of cranial nerves (sensory or motor) with primary functions to include eye movement, smell, face/tongue sensation, innervation of SCM and trapezius?

A

somatic (body) nervous system-PNS

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11
Q

What are the components of PNS-somatic (body) nervous system

A
  • Voluntary reactions to outside stimulation under conscious control
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves to control muscle contraction and receive sensory information
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves (sensory or motor) with primary function of eye movement, smell, face/tongue sensation, innervation of SCM and trapezius
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12
Q

Which system consists of the involuntary system with the primary function to maintain homeostasis- regulate digestion, circulation, and cardiac muscle contraction?

A

Autonomic nervous system-PNS

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13
Q

Which system innervates glands, smooth (visceral) muscle, and myocardium?

A

Autonomic nervous system-PNS

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14
Q

What are the components of the PNS-autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Involuntary system; primary function is to maintain homeostasis- regulates digestion, circulation, and cardiac muscle contraction
  • Innervates glands, smooth (visceral) muscle, and myocardium
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15
Q

How does the nervous system communicate for the body?

A

Nerve cells

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16
Q

What are the two types of nerve cells?

A

Neurons

Neuroglia

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17
Q

What nerve cells transmit nerve impulses?

A

Neurons

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18
Q

What nerve cells is non-neuronal supporting cells that provide critical services for neurons?

A

Neuroglia

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19
Q

What are the subtypes of neurons?

A

Afferent (sensory) neurons
Interneurons
Efferent (motor) neurons

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20
Q

What type of neuron receives sensory input from periphery of the body and transports it to the CNS (conduct information toward the CNS from muscles, skin, joints, viscera) and include touch, pain, heat and cold, vibration, proprioception, stereognosis (identify object by touch without vision), sound, light, taste, etc?

A

Afferent (sensory) neurons

21
Q

What is the function of the afferent (sensory) neuron

A

receives sensory input from periphery of the body and transports it to the CNS (conduct information toward the CNS from muscles, skin, joints, viscera) and include touch, pain, heat and cold, vibration, proprioception, stereognosis (identify object by touch without vision), sound, light, taste, etc?

22
Q

What neuron connects neurons to other neurons that organize information from many different sources for later interpretation?

A

Interneurons

23
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

To connect the neurons to other neurons that organize information from many different sources for later interpretation

24
Q

What neuron conducts away from the CNS and transmits information to the extremities to signal muscles to produce movement?

A

Efferent (motor) neuron

25
Q

What is the function of the efferent (motor) neuron?

A

conducts away from the CNS and transmit information to the extremities to signal muscles to produce movement

26
Q

What are the subtypes of neuroglia?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrites
Microglia

27
Q

Which neuroglia maintains capillary endothelial and provides a vascular link to neurons and also contributes to metabolism of CNS and regulate concentrations of neurotransmitters?

A

Astrocytes

28
Q

What is the function of astrocytes (neuroglia)?

A

Maintains capillary endothelium thus providing a vascular link to neurons and also contributes to metabolism and regulates concentrations of neurotransmitters

29
Q

Which neuroglia wraps myelin sheaths around axons in white matter and produce satellite cells in the gray matter that participate in ion exchange between neurons?

A

Oligodendrites

30
Q

What is the function of oligodendrites- neuroglia?

A

Wraps myelin sheaths around axons in white matter and produce satellite cells in gray matter that participate in ion exchange between neurons

31
Q

Which neuroglia consists of phagocytes of the CNS because they engulf and digest pathogens and assist with nervous system repair after injury?

A

Microglia

32
Q

What is the function of the microglia- neuroglia?

A

They’re the phagocytes of the CNS because they engulf and digest pathogens and assist with the nervous system repair after injury

33
Q

What are the neuron structures?

A

Dendrites
Cell Body
Axons

34
Q

Which neuron structure function to receive information and transfers it to the cell body and bringing impulses into the cell body from other neurons?

A

Dendrites

35
Q

Which neuron structure is composed of nucleus and various organelles?

A

Cell body

36
Q

Which neuron structure processes information it receives, synthesizes proteins and supports functional activities of the neuron such as transmitting electrochemical impulses and repairing cells?

A

Cell body

37
Q

Which neuron structure functions as the message-sending component of the nerve cell extending from the cell body and is responsible for transmitting impulses from the cell body to target cells (muscle, glands, and other neurons)

A

Axons

38
Q

Which neuron structure can be myelinated (faster) and unmyelinated (slower)?

A

Axon

39
Q

What is a lipid/protein that encases and insulates the axon?

A

Myelin

40
Q

What increases the speed of impulse conduction but is not continuous causing electrical impulses to jump from one node (nodes of Ranvier) to the next via saltatory conduction?

A

Myelin sheath

41
Q

What is the space between the axons of one neuron and the dendrite of the next neuron; allows neurons to communicate with each other?

A

Synapse

42
Q

Describe the electrochemical reaction at the synapse

A

A neurotransmitter is released in response to an electrical action potential that travels down the nerve (axon)

43
Q

What typically happens to patients with CNS pathology?

A

Often on drugs that affect the neurotransmitters by either inhibiting or facilitating neurotransmitter activity

44
Q

What are the common neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine

45
Q

What has axons that have a high concentrations of myelin appearing white because of the fat in the myelin; found in the brain and spinal cord?

A

White matter

46
Q

What consists of the cell bodies and dendrites grouped together in the CNS; those with similar functions are grouped together and called nuclei; covers the entire cerebrum (cerebral cortex); also found in the spinal cord?

A

Gray matter

47
Q

What are tracts?

A

Bundles of axons

48
Q

How are fiber tracts named?

A

Upon their origin and destination

49
Q

What are the different types of fiber tracts?

A
  • Afferent (bringing sensory information to the brain)

- Efferent (take motor messages to smooth and skeletal muscles of the body)

Neuro (4 decks)

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