Brain Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What does the brain consist of?

Answer 1

Cerebrum (R and L)
Cerebellum
Brain stem

Question 2

What is the brain composed of?

Answer 2

Gray matter on outer surface, white matter tracts inside

Question 3

What are the supportive structures of the brain?

Answer 3

Skull/cranium

Meninges

Question 4

What supportive structure has 3 layers of membranes all continuous with membranes that cover and protect the spinal cord?

Answer 4

Meninges

Question 5

What are the three types of meninges membranes?

Answer 5

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

Question 6

What is the outermost meninges layer known as “tough mother”?

Answer 6

Dura mater

Question 7

What meninges is a thick, fibrous membrane that adheres to the cranium?

Answer 7

Dura mater

Question 8

Where is the epidural space located?

Answer 8

area between the dura mater and the skull

Question 9

What is the middle meninges layer?

Answer 9

Arachnoid

Question 10

Where is the subdural space located?

Answer 10

The area between the dura mater and arachnoid layer

Question 11

What meninges is the innermost layer, adheres to the brain itself, and contains cerebral circulation?

Answer 11

Pia mater

Question 12

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

Answer 12

Area between the arachnoid and pia mater layers

Question 13

What bathers the brain and circulates within the pia mater?

Answer 13

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 14

What is the highest center of the CNS and largest part of the brain?

Answer 14

Cerebral cortex

Question 15

What is a large information storage area?

Answer 15

Cerebral cortex

Question 16

What is termed gray matter?

Answer 16

Cerebral cortex

Question 17

What are the two halves of the cerebral cortex called?

Answer 17

Hemispheres

Question 18

What are the grooves in the cortex called?

Answer 18

Fissures or sulci

Question 19

What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 19

Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe

Question 20

Where is the frontal lobe located?

Answer 20

frontal part of the cortex

Question 21

Where is the occipital lobe located?

Answer 21

back part of the cortex

Question 22

Where is the parietal lobe located?

Answer 22

in between the frontal and occipital and sort of on top

Question 23

Where is the temporal lobe located?

Answer 23

above the ear

Question 24

What lobe is the primary motor cortex and responsible for voluntary control of complex motor activities (Speech (Broca’s Area))?

Answer 24

Frontal lobe

Question 25

What lobe has motor function mostly initiated from precentral gyrus area of this lobe and has been mapped to represent the portion of the brain dedicated to the motor function of specific body regions?

Answer 25

Frontal lobe

Question 26

What lobe also exhibits strong influence over cognitive functions (judgement, attention, awareness, abstract thinking, mood, aggression "executive" functions (the boss)?

Answer 26

Frontal lobe

Question 27

What lobe is the primary sensory cortex?

Answer 27

Parietal

Question 28

What lobe processes incoming sensory information and meaning (perception) of stimuli attached thats delivered to the postcentral gyrus area?

Answer 28

Parietal

Question 29

What lobe plays a role in short-term memory functions?

Answer 29

Parietal

Question 30

What lobe is the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 30

Temporal

Question 31

What part of the temporal lobe allows one to hear and comprehend language?

Answer 31

Wernicke's area

Question 32

What lobe processes visual perception, musical discrimination, and long-term memory?

Answer 32

Temporal

Question 33

What lobe is the primary visual cortex?

Answer 33

Occipital

Question 34

What lobe organizes, integrates, and interprets visual information?

Answer 34

Occipital

Question 35

How does the right and left hemisphere of the cerebrum communicate?

Answer 35

corpus callosum

Question 36

What is a large group of axons that connect the two hemispheres that allow individuals to be analytic yet still grasp broad general concepts?

Answer 36

Corpus callosum

Question 37

What is considered the dominant hemisphere?

Answer 37

The one responsible for language

Question 38

Approx. 95% of the population is considered which hemisphere dominant?

Answer 38

Left

Question 39

What are the left hemisphere functions?

Answer 39

- Verbal or analytic side - Allows for processing of information in sequential, organized, logical, or linear manner - Expression of positive emotions - Common impairments (apraxia (difficulty with motor planning); difficulty in initiating, sequencing, processing a task; difficulty in producing or comprehending speech; perseveration of speech or motor behaviors; anxiousness)

Question 40

What are the right hemispheres function?

Answer 40

- Responsible for individual's nonverbal or artistic abilities - Allow individuals to process info in complete or holistic fashion without specifically reviewing all details - Hand eye coordination, spatial relationships, perception of one's position in space - Ability to communicate nonverbally and comprehend what is being expressed - Understanding facial gestures and recognizing visual-spatial relationships and being aware of body images - Mathematical reasoning and judgement, sustaining a posture or movement, and perceiving negative emotions - Common impairments (poor judgement, unrealistic expectations, denial of disability or deficits, disturbances in body image, irritability, and lethargy)

Question 41

What are the deeper brain structures?

Answer 41

Internal capsule Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus) Basal Ganglia Limbic System

Question 42

What deeper brain structure includes parts of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and portion of the frontal and temporal lobes?

Answer 42

Limbic system

Question 43

What deeper brain structure appears to control memory, pain, pleasure, rage, affection, sexual interest, fear, and sorrow?

Answer 43

Limbic System

Question 44

What deeper brain structure contains all pathways that allow information to be transferred between the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, brainstem, and subcortical structures?

Answer 44

Internal capsule

Question 45

What deeper brain structure contains the corticospinal tract?

Answer 45

Posterior limb of the internal capsule

Question 46

What can occur if a lesion appears in the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

Answer 46

Can cause contralateral loss of voluntary movement and the ability to perceive tactile and proprioceptive input due to it containing so many vital communication tracts

Question 47

What deeper structure is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus?

Answer 47

Diencephalon

Question 48

What deeper structure is where the major sensory tracts (dorsal columns and spinothalamic) and visual and auditory pathways synapse?

Answer 48

Diencephalon

Question 49

What deeper structure is a central relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward from the body/brain to the cerebrum?

Answer 49

Thalamus-Diencephalon

Question 50

What deeper structure receives all sensory impulses (except smell) and channels them to the appropriate cortex region for interpretation and motor neuron from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the appropriate motor region?

Answer 50

Thalamus-Diencephalon

Question 51

What deeper structure is a group of nuclei at the base of cerebrum?

Answer 51

Hypothalamus-Diencephalon

Question 52

What deeper structures regulates homeostasis?

Answer 52

Hypothalamus-Diencephalon

Question 53

What deeper structures is primarily involved in automatic functions (regulation of hunger, thirst, digestion, body temp, blood pressure, sexual activity, and sleep-wake cycles?

Answer 53

Hypothalamus-Diencephalon

Question 54

What deeper structure regulates the pituitary gland?

Answer 54

Hypothalamus-Diencephalon