Brain Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the brain consist of?

A

Cerebrum (R and L)
Cerebellum
Brain stem

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2
Q

What is the brain composed of?

A

Gray matter on outer surface, white matter tracts inside

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3
Q

What are the supportive structures of the brain?

A

Skull/cranium

Meninges

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4
Q

What supportive structure has 3 layers of membranes all continuous with membranes that cover and protect the spinal cord?

A

Meninges

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5
Q

What are the three types of meninges membranes?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

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6
Q

What is the outermost meninges layer known as “tough mother”?

A

Dura mater

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7
Q

What meninges is a thick, fibrous membrane that adheres to the cranium?

A

Dura mater

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8
Q

Where is the epidural space located?

A

area between the dura mater and the skull

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9
Q

What is the middle meninges layer?

A

Arachnoid

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10
Q

Where is the subdural space located?

A

The area between the dura mater and arachnoid layer

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11
Q

What meninges is the innermost layer, adheres to the brain itself, and contains cerebral circulation?

A

Pia mater

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12
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space located?

A

Area between the arachnoid and pia mater layers

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13
Q

What bathers the brain and circulates within the pia mater?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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14
Q

What is the highest center of the CNS and largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebral cortex

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15
Q

What is a large information storage area?

A

Cerebral cortex

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16
Q

What is termed gray matter?

A

Cerebral cortex

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17
Q

What are the two halves of the cerebral cortex called?

A

Hemispheres

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18
Q

What are the grooves in the cortex called?

A

Fissures or sulci

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19
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe

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20
Q

Where is the frontal lobe located?

A

frontal part of the cortex

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21
Q

Where is the occipital lobe located?

A

back part of the cortex

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22
Q

Where is the parietal lobe located?

A

in between the frontal and occipital and sort of on top

23
Q

Where is the temporal lobe located?

A

above the ear

24
Q

What lobe is the primary motor cortex and responsible for voluntary control of complex motor activities (Speech (Broca’s Area))?

A

Frontal lobe

25
Q

What lobe has motor function mostly initiated from precentral gyrus area of this lobe and has been mapped to represent the portion of the brain dedicated to the motor function of specific body regions?

A

Frontal lobe

26
Q

What lobe also exhibits strong influence over cognitive functions (judgement, attention, awareness, abstract thinking, mood, aggression “executive” functions (the boss)?

A

Frontal lobe

27
Q

What lobe is the primary sensory cortex?

A

Parietal

28
Q

What lobe processes incoming sensory information and meaning (perception) of stimuli attached thats delivered to the postcentral gyrus area?

A

Parietal

29
Q

What lobe plays a role in short-term memory functions?

A

Parietal

30
Q

What lobe is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Temporal

31
Q

What part of the temporal lobe allows one to hear and comprehend language?

A

Wernicke’s area

32
Q

What lobe processes visual perception, musical discrimination, and long-term memory?

A

Temporal

33
Q

What lobe is the primary visual cortex?

A

Occipital

34
Q

What lobe organizes, integrates, and interprets visual information?

A

Occipital

35
Q

How does the right and left hemisphere of the cerebrum communicate?

A

corpus callosum

36
Q

What is a large group of axons that connect the two hemispheres that allow individuals to be analytic yet still grasp broad general concepts?

A

Corpus callosum

37
Q

What is considered the dominant hemisphere?

A

The one responsible for language

38
Q

Approx. 95% of the population is considered which hemisphere dominant?

A

Left

39
Q

What are the left hemisphere functions?

A
  • Verbal or analytic side
  • Allows for processing of information in sequential, organized, logical, or linear manner
  • Expression of positive emotions
  • Common impairments (apraxia (difficulty with motor planning); difficulty in initiating, sequencing, processing a task; difficulty in producing or comprehending speech; perseveration of speech or motor behaviors; anxiousness)
40
Q

What are the right hemispheres function?

A
  • Responsible for individual’s nonverbal or artistic abilities
  • Allow individuals to process info in complete or holistic fashion without specifically reviewing all details
  • Hand eye coordination, spatial relationships, perception of one’s position in space
  • Ability to communicate nonverbally and comprehend what is being expressed
  • Understanding facial gestures and recognizing visual-spatial relationships and being aware of body images
  • Mathematical reasoning and judgement, sustaining a posture or movement, and perceiving negative emotions
  • Common impairments (poor judgement, unrealistic expectations, denial of disability or deficits, disturbances in body image, irritability, and lethargy)
41
Q

What are the deeper brain structures?

A

Internal capsule
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System

42
Q

What deeper brain structure includes parts of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and portion of the frontal and temporal lobes?

A

Limbic system

43
Q

What deeper brain structure appears to control memory, pain, pleasure, rage, affection, sexual interest, fear, and sorrow?

A

Limbic System

44
Q

What deeper brain structure contains all pathways that allow information to be transferred between the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, brainstem, and subcortical structures?

A

Internal capsule

45
Q

What deeper brain structure contains the corticospinal tract?

A

Posterior limb of the internal capsule

46
Q

What can occur if a lesion appears in the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

Can cause contralateral loss of voluntary movement and the ability to perceive tactile and proprioceptive input due to it containing so many vital communication tracts

47
Q

What deeper structure is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

Diencephalon

48
Q

What deeper structure is where the major sensory tracts (dorsal columns and spinothalamic) and visual and auditory pathways synapse?

A

Diencephalon

49
Q

What deeper structure is a central relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward from the body/brain to the cerebrum?

A

Thalamus-Diencephalon

50
Q

What deeper structure receives all sensory impulses (except smell) and channels them to the appropriate cortex region for interpretation and motor neuron from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the appropriate motor region?

A

Thalamus-Diencephalon

51
Q

What deeper structure is a group of nuclei at the base of cerebrum?

A

Hypothalamus-Diencephalon

52
Q

What deeper structures regulates homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus-Diencephalon

53
Q

What deeper structures is primarily involved in automatic functions (regulation of hunger, thirst, digestion, body temp, blood pressure, sexual activity, and sleep-wake cycles?

A

Hypothalamus-Diencephalon

54
Q

What deeper structure regulates the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus-Diencephalon