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The Nervous System > Nervous System Introduction > Flashcards

Nervous System Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the role of the NS in homeostasis

A

When signals are sent through the NS which trigger responses to bring the system back to the normal range of functioning.

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2
Q

What are the two main subdivisions of the NS

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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3
Q

List the structures involved in the CNS and PNS

A

CNS - Brain and Spinal Cord

PNS - Cranial and Spinal Nerves

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4
Q

Describe a Neuron

A
  • Neurons conduct nerve impulses
  • Electrically excitable
  • Connect all regions of the body to the brain and spinal cord through the generation and conduction of nerve impulses
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5
Q

Describe Neuroglia cells

A

They support, nourish, insulate and protect neurons. They are smaller bur significantly more numerous than neurons

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6
Q

Describe a Tract

A

A bundle of axons located in the CNS having the same origin, termination and function

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7
Q

Identify the structural components of a neuron

A

Dendrites, the trigger zone, the axon, myelin sheath a synaptic end bulb

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8
Q

What is Grey Matter and where is it found?

A

Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals and neuroglia. It is found in the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What is White Matter and where is it found?

A

White matter is made of axons connecting different parts of grey matter to each other. It is found in the brain and transverse plane in the spinal cord

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10
Q

What are aged related changes in the NS

A
  • Your brain and spinal cord lose nerve cells and weight
  • Nerve cells can begin the passing of messages more slowly
  • Slowing of memory, thought and thinking
  • Reduced or lost reflexes or sensations
  • Loss of synaptic connections
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11
Q

How is a nerve impulse generated?

A

When signals move across the synapse. The place where the icon of one neuron meets the dendrite of another neuron, using chemicals called neurotransmitters.

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12
Q

What are the two main ions involved in the generation of a nerve impulse?

A

Sodium Na and Potassium K+

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13
Q

What is continuous conduction?

A

A progressive gradual depolarization and repolarization

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14
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

Impulse ‘boosted’ between nodes therefore increasing the speed of conduction.

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15
Q

What are the components and function of the synapse

A

This is the place where signals are transmitted from one neuron (presynaptic) to another neuron (postsynaptic). This can be chemical or electrical

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16
Q

What makes up a chemical synapse?

A

A synaptic knob, a synaptic cleft and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron

17
Q

What is a chemical synapse?

A

A gap between two neurons where info passes chemically in the form of neurotransmitter molecules

18
Q

What is an electrical synapse?

A

It is a gap that has channel proteins connecting the two neurons so the electrical signal can travel straight over the synapse

19
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

It is a chemical substance used by neurons to communicate with other neurons, muscles and glands

20
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic potential

A

generates a nerve impulse

21
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic potential

A

less chance of nerve impulse being generated

22
Q

What are the 4 types of Neuroglia in the CNS

A

Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells

23
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A

They physically support/barce anchor neurons. They help create the BBB. They maintain a chemical environment for generation of nerve impulse

24
Q

What are the Microglia?

A

Function as phagocytes within the CNS

25
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

help to produce cerebrospinal fluid

26
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

They form and maintain myelin around axons in the CNs

27
Q

A resting nerve fiber is polarized because?

A

The concentration of Na+ is higher on the outside and K+ is higher on the inside

28
Q

At a synapse, the neuron sending the signal is called the _______ neuron.

A

presynaptic

29
Q

What happens during depolarization of a neuron

A

Na+ moves into the cell

30
Q

what happens in myelinated nerves

A

An action potential occurs at each node of Ranvier

31
Q

Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear what colour?

A

White

32
Q

Saltatory conduction occurs only where?

A

occurs only on myelinated fibers

33
Q

Sensory impulses are carried to the central nervous system by?

A

afferent neurons

34
Q

Which ions are rapidly moving into the cell during the depolarization period of an action potential?

A

Sodium

35
Q

The dendrites of a neuron are what?

A

are the main receiving region of a neuron

The Nervous System (6 decks)

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