Nervous System III - Sensory Physiology

Question 1

In a sensory unit, all receptors are ________

Answer 1

The same type

Question 2

Opiate NTs act via what action?

Answer 2

Binding with opiate receptors on afferent pain-fibres to block transmission of pain signal

Question 3

What type of pain can be felt in both superficial and deeper tissues and organs?

Answer 3

Slow pain

Question 4

Sensation produced by slow pain fibres

Answer 4

Dull aching

Question 5

_____ ________: age-related hearing loss

Answer 5

Neural presbycusis

Question 6

An adequate stimulus for a given receptor involved a stimulus whose….?

Answer 6

Modality is specific to that receptor, and is the modality for which that receptor is most sensitive

Question 7

Autonomic response to pain

Answer 7

Increase in BP and HR, epinephrine, blood glucose, sweating, and pupil dilation

Question 8

Three components of sound

Answer 8

Pitch, loudness, timbre

Question 9

Reactions to pain:

Answer 9

Pain sensation, autonomic responses, and emotional responses

Question 10

Stimulus intensity is coded via…?

Answer 10

Frequency of APs and recruitment

Question 11

Adaptation results in a ________‘d perception of stimulus

Answer 11

Decreased

Question 12

The receptor function of signal transduction is the…?

Answer 12

The type of information that is being conveyed

Question 13

Stereocilia of hair cells inter-connected via

Answer 13

Protein bridges

Question 14

Transduction is defined as…?

Answer 14

Conversion of stimulus energy into electrical enegency

Question 15

Loudness is coded by…?

Answer 15

Intensity coding; amplitude of wave coded in degree of deflection and resulting ion influx

Question 16

Sensory receptors create a …… potential

Answer 16

Graded

Question 17

Three ear ossicles (in order)

Answer 17

Stapes, incus, malleus

Question 18

Population coding, aka________:

Answer 18

recruitment; stronger stimulus activates more receptors from the same or different afferent neurons

Question 19

Perception is defined as…?

Answer 19

Conscious interpretation of external world

Question 20

Response stimulus for 2 types of cold activated thermoreceptors

Answer 20

Also respond to menthol and eucalyptus oil; one responds to mustard oil, garlic, and cinnamon

Question 21

Response stimulus for 4 types of heat activated thermoreceptors

Answer 21

2 are found in nociceptors and respond to temps above 42 degrees C; 1 responds to camphor (warming chemical); 1 responds to capcasin

Question 22

Three types of nociceptors

Answer 22

Mechanical, thermal, polymodal

Question 23

Audition: second order neuron synapses with third order neuron in ________

Answer 23

Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus

Question 24

Fibres in slow pain receptors

Answer 24

Unmyelinated c fibres

Question 25

The modality of of signal transduction is the...?

Answer 25

energy form of stimulus

Question 26

Hair cells synapse on afferent axons of CN ____

Answer 26

VIII

Question 27

Pitch is coded for by...?

Answer 27

Location of deflection on the basilar membrane

Question 28

Fibres in fast pain receptors

Answer 28

Myelinated a delta fibres

Question 29

Coding of stimulus location is done by way of....

Answer 29

Receptive fields in somatic senses and vision (size of receptive field and degree of overlap) and lateral inhibition

Question 30

Localization ability of fast pain fibres

Answer 30

Well localized

Question 31

Gate-control theory of pain:

Answer 31

mechanical stimulation can suppress pain sensation by way of a-beta fibre from mechanoreceptor---exciting---> inhibitory interneuron ----inhibits----> second-order neuron; suppresses pain signal from traveling up to brain

Question 32

Receptor potentials are _____ potentials, caused by_______

Answer 32

Graded potentials; caused by the opening and closing of ion channels

Question 33

_______ deafness caused by inadequate transduction of sound waves to electrical signals in inner ear

Answer 33

Sensorineural deafness

Question 34

Localization ability of slow pain fibres

Answer 34

Poor localization

Question 35

Law of specific nerve energies says that

Answer 35

Receptors show specificity to one modality

Question 36

Adaptation is defined as...?

Answer 36

A decrease in amplitude of a receptor potential over time in presence of a constant stimulus

Question 37

________ deafness is caused by damage to the neural pathway for sound

Answer 37

Central deafness

Question 38

Characteristics of warm thermoreceptors

Answer 38

Free nerve endings, respond to temperatures 30-45 degrees C, increase frequency in temperature

Question 39

Adaptation results in a corresponding decrease in _______ of AP

Answer 39

Frequency

Question 40

The receptor potentials are defined as...?

Answer 40

The change in membrane potential in response to a stimulus acting on a sensory receptor

Question 41

_______ deafness is caused by inadequate conduction of sound waves through external and/or middle ear

Answer 41

Conductive deafness

Question 42

three types of opiate receptor NTs

Answer 42

Endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphines

Question 43

Sensation produced by fast pain fibres

Answer 43

Sharp pricking sensation

Question 44

A sensory unit is defined as....?

Answer 44

A single afferent neuron plus all of the receptors associated with it

Question 45

Audition: third-order neuron synapses in ________

Answer 45

Auditory cortex

Question 46

Perception of pain is based on:

Answer 46

Past experiences

Question 47

Opiate NT serve as?

Answer 47

Analgesics

Question 48

Axons of hair cells make up ____ nerve

Answer 48

Cochlear nerve

Question 49

Depolarization of hair cells caused by

Answer 49

Mechanical bending towards tall stereocilia

Question 50

Hyperpolarization of hair cells caused by

Answer 50

Mechanical bending towards short steriocilia

Question 51

Sound amplification in middle ear

Answer 51

sound waves strike tympanic membrane -> movement of ossicles (amplification) -> movement of oval window (amplification)

Question 52

Information from the PNS to the CNS from the internal environment is called....?

Answer 52

Visceral afferent

Question 53

Two point discrimination

Answer 53

Ability to perceive two points on skin

Question 54

Definition of visceral pain:

Answer 54

Pain originating in internal organs, which has a sensation referred to the body surface

Question 55

Two regions that help suppress transmission in pain pathways

Answer 55

Periqueductal gray matter and reticular formation

Question 56

The CNS codes for stimulus type by...?

Answer 56

Receptor type activated, specific pathway activated, and occasionally by integration from different sensory systems

Question 57

Mechanism of referred pain

Answer 57

2nd order neuron receives info from somatic afferents and visceral afferents, so based on history, the brain thinks pain signal is coming from somatic input

Question 58

Cochlear nerve enters brainstem and synapses with....

Answer 58

Second-order neuron

Question 59

Characteristics of cold receptors

Answer 59

Possible free nerve ending, respond to temps below 35 degrees C, increase frequency with decrease in temperature

Question 60

Pain response comes from...?

Answer 60

A sensation produced by tissue damaging stimulus, or a stimulus that could potentially cause tissue damage

Question 61

Auditory cortex has a _________ map

Answer 61

Frequency