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110 > Nervous system (fundamentals, CNS, PNS, ANS) main points > Flashcards

Nervous system (fundamentals, CNS, PNS, ANS) main points Flashcards

1
Q

Astrocytes: CNS/PNS, shape, functions

A

CNS (most abundant cell in the brain)
Star shaped
Support/anchor/brace neurons
Potential role in memories (long term potentiation)

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2
Q

Microglia: CNS/PNS, shape, functions

A

CNS
Small, oval, thorny processes
Remove debris/microorganisms

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3
Q

Ependymal cells: CNS/PNS, shape, functions

A

CNS
squamous/columnar
Produce/move CSF around CNS

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4
Q

Oligodendrocytes: CNS/PNS, functions

A

CNS
produce myelin sheathes for insulation (one can wrap up to 60 axons)

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5
Q

Sattelite cells: CNS/PNS, shape, functions

A

PNS
like astrocytes of CNS
control environment around neuron cell body

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6
Q

Schwann cells: CNS/PNS, functions, steps of what it does

A

PNS
like oligodendrocytes of CNS
Myelination
1. Schwann cell envelopes axon
2. Rotates around axon, wrapping it
3. Cytoplasm forced from between membranes
Neurilemma: contains cytoplasm _ nucleus of schwann cell

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7
Q

Dopamine: Sub-class, class, inhibitory/excitatory, feeling

A

Catcholamines, Biogenic amines, both, motivation/reward/reinforcement

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8
Q

Serotonin: Sub-class, class, inhibitory/excitatory, feeling

A

(Tryptophan–>) Indolamines (indole ring), biogenic amines, Inhibitory, sleep/appetite/nausea

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8
Q

Norepinephrine/Epinephrine:Sub-class, class, inhibitory/excitatory, feeling

A

(Dopamine -> Norephinephrine -> Epinephrine) Catecholamines (catchol ring), biogenic amines, both, mood/sleep/feeding

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9
Q

Histamines: Sub-class, class, inhibitory/excitatory, feeling

A

(Histidine –>) Imidazoleamines (imidazole ring), Biogenic amines, both, wakefulness/learning/inflammation + vasodilation

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10
Q

GABA: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, location

A

Amino acids, inhibitory, primary inhibitory NT in the brain

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11
Q

Glycine: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, location

A

Amino acids, inhibitory, primary neurotransmitter in spinal cord

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12
Q

Glutamate: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose

A

Amino acids, excitatory, learning/memory

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13
Q

Aspartate: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, location

A

Amino acids, excitatory, some brain regions

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14
Q

Tachykinins: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose

A

Neuropeptides, excitatory, pain/mood

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15
Q

Cholestokinin: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose

A

Neuropeptides, excitatory, digestion/anxiety/memory

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16
Q

Endorphins: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose

A

Neuropeptides, inhibitory, reduce pain (perception)

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17
Q

Somatostatin: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose

A

Neuropeptides, inhibitory, slows digestion

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18
Q

ATP: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose

A

Purines, both, provokes pain sensation

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19
Q

Adenosine: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose

A

Purines, inhibitor,
potent brain inhibitor: caffeine/vasodilation/blood flow

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20
Q

Nitric oxide: Class, inhibitory/excitatory, purpose

A

Gasotransmitters, both, learning/memory/smooth muscle relaxation

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21
Q

Carbon monoxide: Class, inhibitory/excitatory

A

Gasotransmitters, both

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22
Q

Diverging circuits: used for?

A

Skeletal muscle activation

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23
Q

Converging circuits used for?

A

memories (different stimuli cause same memory)

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24
Q

reverberating circuits used for?

A

sleep/wake cycle, breathing

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25
Q

Parallel after discharge circuit used for?

A

Math/complex mental processing (input reaches output cell at different times - burst of stimuli)

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26
Q

4 functions of CSF

A
  1. Buoyancy
  2. Protection from blows/traumas
  3. Nourishes + carries chemical signals
  4. Clears waste
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27
Q

Order of brain ventricles (with connections)

A
  1. Lateral ventricles
    interventricular foramen
  2. 3rd ventricle
    cerebral aquaduct
  3. 4th ventricle
    exit brain
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28
Q

what part of the brain holds CSF? what is it lined with?

A

ventricles, ependymal cells

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29
Q

what part of brain produces CSF?

A

choroid plexus

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30
Q

Order of dural venous sinuses CSF reabsorption

A
  1. Superior/inferior saggital sinuses (inferior -> straight sinus)
  2. Transverse sinus
  3. Sigmoid sinus
    4.Internal jugular vein
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31
Q

Primary motor cortex: Location, function, arrangement, blood supply?

A

Precentral gyrus, controls precise movement (DOER)
Somatotopic arrangement: body parts that need more control (face/hands) take up more space in primary motor cortex
Middle cerebral artery

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32
Q

Premotor cortex: Location, function, blood supply?

A

Precentral gyrus (anterior to primary motor cortex), sends info to primary motor cortex (PLANNER), Anterior cerebral artery

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33
Q

Broca’s area: Location, function (L/R sides), blood supply?

A

Anterior/inferior to premotor cortex, for right handed ppl:
Left side (verbal): speech (tongue movement)
Right side (non-verbal): speech modulation (rhythm), facial expressions
Middle cerebral artery

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34
Q

Frontal eye fields: Location, function, blood supply?

A

Anterior to premotor cortex (superior to Broca’s area), Controls voluntary eye movement
Anterior cerebral artery

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35
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex: Location, function, arrangement, blood supply?

A

Postcentral gyrus, basic touch (something is touching me) + awareness of body in space, somatotopic arrangement
Middle cerebral artery (anterior cerebral artery for legs/feet)

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36
Q

Somatosensory association area: Location, function, blood supply?

A

Posterior to primary somatosensory cortex, size/texture/location of touch (what is touching me where)
Middle cerebral artery

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37
Q

Primary visual cortex: Location, function, blood supply?

A

Extreme posteiror tip of occipital lobe, Receives info from retinas (I can see something)
Middle/posterior cerebral artery

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38
Q

Visual association centre: Location, function, 2 streams, blood supply?

A

Surrounds primary visual cortex (back of head, inside calacrine sulcus), interprets visual stimuli (where/what do I see)
Dorsal stream: “where”
Ventral stream: “what”
Middle/posterior cerebral artery

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39
Q

Primary auditory cortex: Location, function, blood supply?

A

Superior margin of temporal bones, pitch/volume/location of sound (I hear something from somewhere)
Middle cerebral artery

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40
Q

Auditory association area: Location, function, blood supply?

A

Posterior to primary auditory cortex, stores sound memories (what do I hear?)
Middle cerebral artery

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41
Q

Olfactory cortex: Location, function, blood supply?

A

medial aspect of temporal bones, SMELL
Posterior cerebral artery

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42
Q

Gustatory cortex: Location, function, blood supply?

A

Insula (deep to temporal lobe), TASTE
Middle cerebral artery

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43
Q

Visceral sensory area: Location, function, blood supply?

A

Posterior to gustatory cortex, PAIN (though not specific to location of pain)
Mddle cerebral artery

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44
Q

Anterior association area (prefrontal cortex): Location, function, blood supply?

A

Frontal lobe, most complicated cortical region: maturity, personality, intellect
Not developed until 25 years old
Anterior cerebral artery

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45
Q

Posterior association area: Location, sub-area, function (of it + sub-area), blood supply?

A

Temporal/parietal/occipital lobes, facial recognition/localizing us in space
Sub-area: Wernickes area- understanding written and spoken language
Prosopagnosia: inability to recognize faces
Middle cerebral artery

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46
Q

3 parts of limbic system?

A

Amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus

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47
Q

Amygdala: functions?

A

Respond to perceived threats + emotional memories

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48
Q

Cingulate gyrus: functions?

A

Respond to perceived threats, emotion-based gestures, resolves mental frustration

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49
Q

Hippocampus: functions?

A

learning, memory, emotion

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50
Q

3 Parts of diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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51
Q

Thalamus: Location, function

A

3rd ventricle, BIG INFO RELAY CENTER: sorts, edits, receives information from all over brain

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52
Q

Hypothalamus: Location, function

A

3rd ventricle (under thalamus),
4 Fs: feeding, fearing, fighting, fornication

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53
Q

Epithalamus: Location, function

A

most posterior part of diencephalon, Contains pineal gland: melatonin secretion

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54
Q

3 parts of brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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55
Q

Midbrain: location, functions (2 main components)

A

Between diencephalon and pons,
Superior colliculi: visual reflex
Inferior colliculi: auditory relay centers

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56
Q

Pons: location, function

A

Fourth ventricle, breathing

57
Q

Medulla oblongata: location, function

A

Joins spine at foramen magnum,
Autonomic reflex centres
1. Cardiovasuclar: heart rate/force, blood pressure
2. Respiratory: rate/depth of breathing
3. Additional: vomiting, hiccups, cough/sneeze, swallowing

58
Q

Cerebellum: location, functions

A

Posterior to pons/medulla,
Timing/patterns of muscle contraction
blueprint for coordinated movement
word association/puzzle solving

59
Q

Factors affecting memory transfer from STM -> LTM

A

Emotional state
Repetition/practice
Association (new info with old memories)

60
Q

2 types of memories:

A

Declarative
Non-declarative

61
Q

Declarative memories: what kind? which neurotransmitter used to retrieve/make?

A

Concsious thought, stored with context
Ach

62
Q

Non-declarative memories: what kind? which neurotransmitter used to retrieve/make?

A

Less conscious/uncounsious, learned by doing, hard to forget, dopamine

63
Q

Non-declarative memories: what kind? which neurotransmitter used to retrieve/make?

A

Less/uncounsious, learned by doing, hard to forget
Dopamine

64
Q

Direct circuits: Dopamine excites or inhibits?

A

Excites

65
Q

Indirect cirucits: Dopamine excites or inhibits?

A

Inhibits

66
Q

Difference in protection of spinal cord vs protection of brain

A

Dura mater is fused to bone in brain, not fused in spinal cord
Epidural space (fat filled) fills space between dura mater and spinal cord in spine

67
Q

Ventral horns: gray/white, sensory/motor, afferent/efferent?

A

gray
motor
efferent

68
Q

Dorsal horns: gray/white, sensory/motor, afferent/efferent?

A

gray
sensory
afferent

69
Q

2 ascending pathways:

A

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway (DCML)
Spinothalmic pathway

70
Q

DCML: sense, synapse/crossover location?

A

Touch/vibrations
Medulla oblongata

71
Q

Spinothalmic pathway: sense, synapse/crossover location?

A

pain/temperature
@ point of entry to spinal cord (immediately)

72
Q

Descending pathway:

A

corticospinal pathway

73
Q

Corticospinal pathway: effects, crossover location

A

Skeletal muscle movement
85% crossover in medulla
15% crossover @ ventral root of exit (location of 1st synapse)

74
Q

What acivates reticular activating system to wake you up?

A

Orexins

75
Q

Nociceptors: general feeling, 2 types, specific feeling for each

A

Pain
Type A (myelinated): fast pain, sharp
Type C (unmyelinated): slow pain, throbbing

76
Q

Thermoreceptors: feeling

A

temperature

77
Q

Chemoreceptors: detect?, specific feeling

A

detect water/lipid-sulobule substances
ITCH (histamines)

78
Q

Mechanoreceptors: 3 types

A

Proprioceptors, Baroreceptors, Tactile receptors

79
Q

Proprioceptors: sense

A

position of body in space

80
Q

Baroreceptors: sense

A

Pressure changes (ex. blood pressure)

81
Q

Tactile receptors: sense

A

touch/pressure/vibration

82
Q

Merkel’s discs: depth, adapting speed

A

Superficial, slow adapting

83
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles: depth, adapting speed

A

superficial, fast adapting

84
Q

Pacinian corpuscles: depth, adapting speed

A

deep, fast adapting

85
Q

Ruffini’s endings: depth, adapting speed

A

Deep, slow adapting

86
Q

Phasic adapters: fast/slow adapting, send signals when?

A

Fast.
Beginning + end of stimulus

87
Q

Tonic adapters: fast/slow adapting, send signals when?

A

Slow
Throughout stimulus

88
Q

Two paths of pain impulse:

A

A fibres (thinly myelinated), C fibres (unmyelinated)

89
Q

A fibres release which neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

90
Q

C fibres release which neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate + Substance P

91
Q

What is the result of (highly) painful stimulus?

A

Inhibition of inhibotry pain pathway = strong pain sensation

92
Q

What is the result of non-painful stimulu

A

Activation of inhibitory pain pathway = less pain sensation

93
Q

4 steps of nerve fiber regen in PNS

A
  1. Axon is fragmented at injury site, myelin is removed
  2. Macrophages clean out dead axon
  3. Schwann cells provide regeneration tube for new axon
  4. Axon regenerates, Schwann cell myelinates axon
94
Q

What is the acronym for the cranial nerves?

A

Oh oh oh to touch and feel a girl’s very soft hand

95
Q

What is the acronym for the eye muscle nerves

A

LR6SO4, the rest 3
Lateral reticular: VI (abducens)
Superior oblique: IV (trochlear)

96
Q

What is the acronym for motor vs sensory cranial nerves?

A

Some say money matters, but my brother says big brains matter more

97
Q

Cranial nerve I: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull

A

Olfactory, sensory: smell, cribriform plate

98
Q

Cranial nerve II: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull

A

Optic, sensory: sight, optic canal

99
Q

Cranial nerve III: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull, tested?

A

Oculomotor, motor: moves most of eye + eyelid, superior orbital fissure
Tested: eye drooping/eye focus

100
Q

Cranial nerve IV: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull

A

trochlear, motor: superior oblique (down + lateral eye movement), superior orbital fissure

101
Q

Cranial nerve V: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull

A

trigeminal, both
V1: ophthalmic: sensory (forehead + orbits) Exit: superior orbital fissure
V2: mxillary: sensory Exit: foramen rotundum
V3: mandibular: sensory + motor Exit: foramen ovale

102
Q

Cranial nerve VI: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull

A

Abducens, motor: Lateral rectus (lateral eye movement)
Exit: superior orbital fissure

103
Q

Cranial nerve VII: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull

A

facial nerves, both:
Sensory: taste (front 2/3 of tongue)
Motor: facial expresisons
Exit: internal acoustic meatus

104
Q

Cranial nerve VIII: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull

A

Auditory, sensory: hearing
Exit skull: internal acoustic meatus

105
Q

Cranial nerve IX: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull, tested?

A

glossopharyngeal, both
Sensory: taste (back 1/3 of tongue)
Motor: elevates pharynx during swallowing
Exit: jugular foramen
Tested: gag reflex

106
Q

Cranial nerve X: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull, tested?

A

Vagus, both
Sensory: thoracic/abdominal viscera (organs)
Motor: PSNS to heart, lungs, abdominal viscera. Moves larynx/pharynx
Exit skull: jugular foramen
Tested: Gag reflex

107
Q

Cranial nerve XI: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull, tested?

A

Spinal (accessory), motor: Sternocleidomastoid + trapezius
Exit skull: jugular foramen
Tested: shrug/turn head

108
Q

Cranial nerve XII: sensory/motor, what it does, exit skull

A

Hypoglossal, motor: tongue (swallowing/speech)
Exit skull: hypoglossal canal

109
Q

Main nerve of Cervical plexus + what muscle does it innervate

A

Phrenic Nerve, Diaphragm

110
Q

Brachial plexus: acronym + draw it

A

Three Ys Men go bowling, one gets a STRIXE (X), one gets a SPARE \

111
Q

Roots, Trunks, Chords, Branches

A

C5-C8, T1
Upper, middle, lower
Lateral, Posterior, Medial
Axillary, Radial, Musculotaneous, Medial, Ulnar

112
Q

Axillary nerve: does what

A

moves shoulder

113
Q

Radial nerve: does what

A

extends elbow + wrist

114
Q

Musculutaneous nerve: does what

A

flexes elbow + wrist

115
Q

Medial nerve: does what CONFIRM THIS

A

THUMB + hand flexing

116
Q

Ulnar nerve: does what CONFIRM THIS

A

hand flexing

117
Q

Neck + arms are innervated by which groups of nerves?

A

Cervical + thoracic

118
Q

Legs innervated by which group of nerves?

A

Lumbar

119
Q

alpha motor neurons: which muscle fibre (intra/extrafusal), what do they do

A

extrafusal, cause contraction

120
Q

gamma motor neurons: which muscle fibre, what do they do

A

intrafusal, “tuned” to adjust sensitivity
ESSENTIAL for continued muscle contraction

121
Q

Intrinsic reflexes: learned when? voluntary?

A

Present from birth, predictable, involuntary

122
Q

Learned reflexes: aqcuired how?

A

from practice/repetition

123
Q

Patellar tendon reflex: reciprocal inhibition/activation, explain steps

A

reciprocal inhibition
1. Muscle spindles excited by patellar tap
2. Afferent impulses to spinal cord -> reflex arc
3. Alpha (lower) motor neurons: excite quad muscle
4. Interneurons: inhibit antagonist muscles

124
Q

Golgi tendon reflex: reciprocal inhibition/activation, used when, steps

A

reciprocal activation
used when muscle is overstretched, to prevent injury
1. muscle is overstretched, golig tendon activated
2. afferent impulse to interneurons in spinal cord
3. Stretched muscle relaxes
4. Antagonist muscle contracts
- info to cerebellum to andjust tension

125
Q

Flexor (withdrawal) reflex: which muscles are activated/inhibited

A

Painful stimulus
extensors inhibited
flexors activated

126
Q

Crossed extensor reflex: what happens

A

stimulated limb flexes
contralateral limb extends

127
Q

Superficial reflexes: specific example, what’s a good sign, who is it used on

A

Babinski’s sign: scratch bottom of foot
Toes flex: good in adults (extend in infants is okay)
Used on comatose patients

128
Q

Parasympathetic system: what type of responses, preganglionic/postganglionic short/long + neurotransmitter(s) released, short or long-lived?

A

Rest + digest
preganglionic: long, Ach released
postganglionic: short, Ach released
Short lived, controlled effect

129
Q

Sympathetic system: what type of responses, preganglionic/postganglionic short/long + neurotransmitter(s) released, short or long-lived?

A

Fight + flight
preganglionic: short, Ach released
Postganglionic: long, Norepinephrine released (Ach released to sweat glands/muscle blood vessels)
Long-lived, body-wide effect

130
Q

Steps of: option 1- same level synapse (SNS)

A

signal leaves lateral horn
enters white ramus comminicans
synapses in sympathetic trunk ganglion (same level)
exits through gray ramus communicans
travels through ventral ramus to effector

131
Q

Steps of: option 2- higher/lower level synapse (SNS)

A

signal leaves ventral horn
enters white ramus communicans
travels up/down sympathetic trunk ganglion, synapses
exits through gray ramus communicans
travel through ventral ramus to effector

132
Q

Steps of: option 3- anterior to vertebral column synapse (SNS)

A

signal leaves horn
enters white ramus communicans
travels through sympathetic trunk ganglion to effector in front of PNS
skips gray ramus communicans

133
Q

2 types of fibres that release neurotransmitters in ANS:

A

Cholinergic
Adrenergic

134
Q

Cholinergic fibres: release what neurotransmitter

A

Ach (PSNS pre/post ganglionic, SNS preganglionic (and postganglionic to sweat glands + muscle blood vessels)

135
Q

Adrenergic fibres: release what neruotransmitters

A

Norepinephrine + epinephrine (SNS postganglionic)

136
Q

2 types of cholinergic receptors: excited or inhibited?

A

Nicotinic: excited by Ach
Muscarinic: inhibited/excited by Ach

137
Q

Adrenergic receptors: 2 main types, excited or inhibted?

A

Alpha: excited by NE/E
Beta: inhibted by NE/E (except heart)

138
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors: alpha 1, alpha 2 what do they control

A

A1: blood pressure (increase)
A2: reduce insulin production, increase blood clotting

139
Q

Beta adrenergic receptors: B1,2,3 wha do they control

A

B1: heart (excitatory, increases contraction strength/rate)
B2: lungs (inhibitory, relaxes lungs, lets more air in)
B3: energy release (inhibitory)

140
Q

PSNS tone: organs dominated by PSNS

A

heart, PSNS brings down heart rate

141
Q

SNS tone: organs/functions dominated by SNS

A

smooth muscle of blood vessel walls (SNS keeps them contracted, maintains blood pressure)
also: sweating, kidney renin release, blood pressure, metabolic effects

110 (7 decks)

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