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Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones (long or short distance?)
3 types (definitions)
Endocrine
Neuroendocrine
Exocrine

A

Long distance
Endocrine: secreted directly into bloodstream
Neuroendocrine: produced by neurons, secreted directly into bloodstream
Exocrine: secreted into a duct (can enter bloodstream)

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2
Q

T or F: cell must have receptor specific to hormone to be affected by that hormone

A

True

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3
Q

Short distance secreted peptides (need bloodstream?)
2 types (definitions)
Autocrine
Paracrine

A

Autocrine: exert effects on self or same type of cell
Paracrine: exert effects on nearby cells

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4
Q

Examples of effects of hormones

A

alter plasma membrane permeability
stimulate protein synthesis
activate/deactivate enzymes
induce secretion
stimulate mitosis

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5
Q

3 factors that impact level of target cell activation

A
  1. Blood levels of hormone
  2. Number of receptors on target cell
  3. Affinity of the receptors for the hormone (higher affinity: less hormone needed)
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6
Q

Up regulation vs down regulation

A

Up regulation: hormone binds, more receptors form
Down regulation: hormone binds, receptors lost

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7
Q

Hormones in the blood:
controlled by what feedback system?
Free vs bound (definitions)

A

Negative feedback system
Free: hydrophilic, most hormones
Bound: hydrophobic, bound to carrier proteins (steroids/thyroid hormones)

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8
Q

Blood hormone concentration: impacted by 3 factors

A

Rate of release
Speed of inactivation
Removal from body (enzymes in kidney/liver)

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9
Q

What is permissiveness?

A

One hormone can not work without another being present
Ex: thyroid hormone is permissive for epinephrine, cortisol is permissive for growth hormone

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10
Q

What is synergism?

A

Multiple hormones producing same effect on target cell
E

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11
Q

What is antagonism?

A

One or more hormones opposing the action of another hormone

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12
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

A hormone that regulates the secretion of other hormones

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13
Q

List all the non-tropic hormones

A

PRL: prolactin
MSH: melanocyte-stimulating hormone
B-lipoprotein

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14
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

Hormone release in response to ions/nutrients in blood

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15
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Hormone release stimulated by nerve fibers

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16
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Tropic hormones: regulate secretion of other hormones

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17
Q

Nervous system modulation

A

Nervous system can override regular negative feedback mechanism of endocrine glands
Ex. Under stress (need more glucose), hypothalamus + SNS override endocrine system to increase glucose levels

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18
Q

Eicosanoids
Life span
Derived from
3 types (+features)

A

Very short (seconds-mins)
Derived from arachidonic acid
Prostaglandins: prevent blood clotting
Thromboxanes: promote blood clotting
Leukotrienes: allergic reactions

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19
Q

Glucocorticoids: inhibit production of which eicosanoids

A

All 3: Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

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20
Q

NSAIDs: inhibit production of which eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes

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21
Q

PGE2 vs PGI2
(Porstaglandin E2 vs Prostcyclin

A

PGE2: induces labour, vasodilator, pain, fever
PGI2: inhibits platelet aggregation, vasodilator

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22
Q

Amino-acid based hormones
Effect on adenylate cyclase
Protein Gs
Protein Gi

A

Gs: stimulates adenylate cyclase
Gi: inhibits adenylate cyclase

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23
Q

Signal amplification (in amino acid based hormones)

A

One hormone can lead to exponential amplification

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24
Q

Steroid hormones
Hydrophili/phobic?
Freely diffuse into plasma membrane? Nuclear membrane?

A

Hydrophobic (use transport protein for stability)
Freely diffuse into plasma membrane + nuclear membrane

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25
Steps of steroid binding to chromatin
1. Steroid enters nucleus 2. Binds to receptor-chaperone complex, chaperone leaves 3. Receptor-hormone (steroid) complex binds to chrmatin 4. Second receptor-hormone complex needed to induce transcription (dimer)
26
Do steroids cause short/long term effects? Is result seen immediately?
Long term, takes time to see result
27
Do all steroids work through gene expression? Give example
No, estrogen
28
T/F estrogen (E2) can perpetuate breast cancer tumour?
True
29
What are some ways that drugs interfere with estrogen (E2) promoting cancer?
1. Block receptor from binding E2 2. Block co-receptor in nucleus (prevents dimer forming) 3. Induce receptor degradation
30
HER2 positive vs HER2 negative breast cancer? (2 things) How does herceptin (actual name of drug?) reduce recurrence of breast cancer?
HER2 positive: increased recurrence of Breast cancer HER2 negative: lower recurrence rates, higher life expectancy Herceptin (trastizumab) blocks HER2 dimerization AND flags cancer cell for destruction by immune system.
31
Pituitary gland (alternate name?) Posterior lobe name Anterior lobe name Connected by?
Hypophysis Posterior lobe: neurohypophysis Anterior lobe: adenohypophysis Connected by infundibulum
32
Neurohypophysis what kind of tissue? Receives, stores, releases hormones from ... Examples of hormones?
Neural tissue From hypothalamus Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone
33
Adenohypophysis what kind of tissue? How is it connected to hypothalamus? What type of hormones released? (example)
Glandular tissue Connected through hypophyseal portal system (indirect) growth hormone
34
Oxytocin: From which lobe of which gland? Pos/neg feedback? Effect on birth? Effect on lactation? Effect on sexual arousal?
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) of pituitary gland Positive feedback mechanism Birth: causes intense uterine contractions (can be externally stimulated) Lacation: oxytocin causes milk letdown, sucking on nipple releases oxytocin Arousal: in males/non-lactating females
35
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) From which lobe of which gland? Effect on urine output? Alcohol effect on ADH?
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) of pituitary gland Lowers urine output Alcohol inhibits ADH, increases urine output
36
Growth hormone From which lobe of which gland? Anabolic or catabolic? Key targets? Tropic?
From adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland) Anabolic Liver, skeletal muscle, bone Tropic
37
Gonadotropins: From which lobe of which gland? Examples Effects in males/females Tropic?
From adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) maturation of egg/sperm, release of estrogen/preogesterone/testosterone Tropic
38
Prolactin (PRL) From which lobe of which gland? Triggered by: Inhibited by: Effect
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) Triggered by: hypothalmic prolacin-releasing hormone (PRH) Inhibited by dopamine In females, stimulates milk production (sucking increases PRH, increases milk)
39
Diseases from pituitary tumour (difference) - what happens? Acromegaly vs Gigantism before/after puberty? What part of body is affected
Acromegaly: after puberty (epiphyseal plate closed), tissue swelling, pigmentation changing, skull expansion Gigantism: before puberty, elongation of bones/fingers/toes
40
Thyroid gland largest/smallest endocrine gland? Releases which main hormone?
Largest endocrine gland Thyroid hormone
41
Which things does thyroid hormone not affect? (acronym)
USTAT: Uterus Spleen Testes Adult brain Thyroid gland (self)
42
Components of: T4 thyroid hormone T3 thyroid hormone Which is more active? by how much
T4: 4 iodine + 2 tyrosine T3: 3 iodine + 2 tyrosine T3 is 5-10x more active than T4
43
Synthesis of thyroid hormone (6 steps)
1. Thyroglobulin enters follicle lumen 2. Iodides (I-) enter cell 3. I- oxidized to I2 4. Thyroid peroxidase forms T3/T4 with iodine + tyrosine (from thyroglobulin) 5. T3/T4 enter lumen (with lysosome) 6. Lysosomes cleave T3/T4 from thyroglobulin, enter bloodstream
44
Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) Mechanism of activity on body is similar to? How? Effects are local or body wide? Exceptions (acronym)
Similar to steroids, lead to production of mRNA for desired effect Body-wide effects USTAT: uterus, spleen, testes, adult brain, thyroid gland
45
Hypothyroidism: From a deficiency in? How does it happen? What is goiter? Additional symptoms
Iodine deficiency (can't produce thyroid hormone) Pituitary gland produces extra Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), doesn't help since no iodine. Leads to goiter: enlargement of thyroid gland Low metabolic rate, lethargy, mental sluggishness
46
Hyperthyroidism (grave's disease) Type of disease? How? Common symptoms
Autoimmune Abnormal antibodies mimic Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), cause excessive thyroid hormone release Symptoms: goiter, bulging eyes (exophthalmos)
47
Calcitonin hormone Which cells in thyroid produce it? What does it do (to children)
Parafollicular cells *Lowers blood Ca2+ levels in children* How: inhibits osteoclast (bone breakdown) activity, stimulates Ca2+ incorporation into bone
48
Parathyroid gland which hormone? Effect on calcium? Feedback loop?
Parathyroid hormone Increases calcium in the blood Negative feedback loop (more calcium inhibits PTH)
49
Adrenal glands Adrenal medulla: part of ... (NS) Adrenal cortex: what type of hormones? (3 zones of cortex, 3 types of corticosteroids)
Adrenal medulla: parts of SNS Adrenal cortex:corticosteroids (long-term stress) Zona glomerulosa: aldosterones Zona fasiculata: glucocorticoids Zona reticularis: androgens
50
Adrenal cortex:Steroidogenesis What is the overall precursor Draw out pathway
Cholesterol overall precursor Check with notes
51
Mineralocorticoids: main type? What does it cause? Secretion is impacted by (4 things, pos/neg?)
Aldosterone Causes inc. blood pressure + volume 1. Low blood pressure (pos) 2. High K+ in blood (pos) 3. High stress (pos) 4. High blood pressure + volume (neg)
52
most potent estrogen?
E2
53
Cortisol: What type of steroid? (where is it produced - gland + area) How does it help reduce stress Excessive levels of cortisol cause:
Glucocorticoid Adrenal cortex (of adrenal gland) keep blood glucose constant, maintain blood volume Excess: dec. cartilage/bone formation, inflammation, inhibits immune system
54
Adrenal medulla: What type of stress does it respond to? Which neurotransmitters released?
Short-term stress Norepinephrine + epinephrine
55
Short term stress vs long term stress (for each: Part of adrenal gland stimulated: Hormones/NT released: Effects on body:
Short term stress: adrenal medulla, catcholamines (NE/E), inc. heart rate, blood pressure, reduced digestive/urinary output Long-term stress: adrenal cortex, glucocorticoids (cortisol) + mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), inc. blood pressure, water/sodium retention, immune system suppression
56
Pancreas: Islets: endocrine or exocrine? 3 types of islets + what do they produce
Islets are endocrine Alpha: glucagon Beta: insulin + amylin Delta: somatostatin
57
Insulin: effect on blood glucose when is it released?
Decreases blood glucose Released when glucose is high
58
Glucagon effect on blood glucose when is it released?
Increases blood glucose (breaks down glycogen, uses ketones from fatty acids) Released when glucose is low
59
Type 1 diabetes Which cells are attacked? Hereditary? Indications of type 1: Long term effects of type 1:
Beta cells are attacked (autoimmune) Hereditary Polyuria: excessive urination Polydipsia: excessive thirst Polyphagia: excessive hunger/food consumption (body not using nutrients) Blindness, loss of limbs,
60
Type 2 diabetes: occurs in what type of people Adult or childhood onset? How to prevent?
Obese/sedentary ppl Adult onset Body does not respond to insulin Good diet/exercise
61
Gonads: produce what In females: In males
Estrogen + progresteron Testosterone
62
Pineal gland Which ventricle of brain releases what hormone for what
third ventricle melatonin for sleep cycle
63
Thymus how is it linked to lymphatics
Education of T cells
64
What hormone are secreted by Adipose tissue
Leptin. resistin, adiponectin
65
What hormone is secreted by Stomach
Gastrin
66
What hormones are secreted by dueodenum
intestinal gastrin, secretin, checytokinin, incretins
67
What hormone is secreted by heart
atrial natriuretic peptide
68
What hormone is secreted by kidney
renin
69
What hormone is secreted by skeleton
osteocalcin
70
What hormone is secreted by skin
cholecalciferol
71
What hormone is secreted by thymus
thymulin, thym-
72
The following are tropic hormones except: TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, MSH, GH, ACTH
PRL (prolactin), MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

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