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110 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones (long or short distance?)
3 types (definitions)
Endocrine
Neuroendocrine
Exocrine

A

Long distance
Endocrine: secreted directly into bloodstream
Neuroendocrine: produced by neurons, secreted directly into bloodstream
Exocrine: secreted into a duct (can enter bloodstream)

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2
Q

T or F: cell must have receptor specific to hormone to be affected by that hormone

A

True

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3
Q

Short distance secreted peptides (need bloodstream?)
2 types (definitions)
Autocrine
Paracrine

A

Autocrine: exert effects on self or same type of cell
Paracrine: exert effects on nearby cells

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4
Q

Examples of effects of hormones

A

alter plasma membrane permeability
stimulate protein synthesis
activate/deactivate enzymes
induce secretion
stimulate mitosis

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5
Q

3 factors that impact level of target cell activation

A
  1. Blood levels of hormone
  2. Number of receptors on target cell
  3. Affinity of the receptors for the hormone (higher affinity: less hormone needed)
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6
Q

Up regulation vs down regulation

A

Up regulation: hormone binds, more receptors form
Down regulation: hormone binds, receptors lost

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7
Q

Hormones in the blood:
controlled by what feedback system?
Free vs bound (definitions)

A

Negative feedback system
Free: hydrophilic, most hormones
Bound: hydrophobic, bound to carrier proteins (steroids/thyroid hormones)

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8
Q

Blood hormone concentration: impacted by 3 factors

A

Rate of release
Speed of inactivation
Removal from body (enzymes in kidney/liver)

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9
Q

What is permissiveness?

A

One hormone can not work without another being present
Ex: thyroid hormone is permissive for epinephrine, cortisol is permissive for growth hormone

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10
Q

What is synergism?

A

Multiple hormones producing same effect on target cell
E

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11
Q

What is antagonism?

A

One or more hormones opposing the action of another hormone

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12
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

A hormone that regulates the secretion of other hormones

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13
Q

List all the non-tropic hormones

A

PRL: prolactin
MSH: melanocyte-stimulating hormone
B-lipoprotein

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14
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

Hormone release in response to ions/nutrients in blood

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15
Q

Neural stimuli

A

Hormone release stimulated by nerve fibers

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16
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Tropic hormones: regulate secretion of other hormones

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17
Q

Nervous system modulation

A

Nervous system can override regular negative feedback mechanism of endocrine glands
Ex. Under stress (need more glucose), hypothalamus + SNS override endocrine system to increase glucose levels

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18
Q

Eicosanoids
Life span
Derived from
3 types (+features)

A

Very short (seconds-mins)
Derived from arachidonic acid
Prostaglandins: prevent blood clotting
Thromboxanes: promote blood clotting
Leukotrienes: allergic reactions

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19
Q

Glucocorticoids: inhibit production of which eicosanoids

A

All 3: Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

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20
Q

NSAIDs: inhibit production of which eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes

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21
Q

PGE2 vs PGI2
(Porstaglandin E2 vs Prostcyclin

A

PGE2: induces labour, vasodilator, pain, fever
PGI2: inhibits platelet aggregation, vasodilator

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22
Q

Amino-acid based hormones
Effect on adenylate cyclase
Protein Gs
Protein Gi

A

Gs: stimulates adenylate cyclase
Gi: inhibits adenylate cyclase

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23
Q

Signal amplification (in amino acid based hormones)

A

One hormone can lead to exponential amplification

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24
Q

Steroid hormones
Hydrophili/phobic?
Freely diffuse into plasma membrane? Nuclear membrane?

A

Hydrophobic (use transport protein for stability)
Freely diffuse into plasma membrane + nuclear membrane

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25
Q

Steps of steroid binding to chromatin

A
  1. Steroid enters nucleus
  2. Binds to receptor-chaperone complex, chaperone leaves
  3. Receptor-hormone (steroid) complex binds to chrmatin
  4. Second receptor-hormone complex needed to induce transcription (dimer)
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26
Q

Do steroids cause short/long term effects?
Is result seen immediately?

A

Long term, takes time to see result

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27
Q

Do all steroids work through gene expression? Give example

A

No, estrogen

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28
Q

T/F estrogen (E2) can perpetuate breast cancer tumour?

A

True

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29
Q

What are some ways that drugs interfere with estrogen (E2) promoting cancer?

A
  1. Block receptor from binding E2
  2. Block co-receptor in nucleus (prevents dimer forming)
  3. Induce receptor degradation
30
Q

HER2 positive vs HER2 negative breast cancer? (2 things)
How does herceptin (actual name of drug?) reduce recurrence of breast cancer?

A

HER2 positive: increased recurrence of Breast cancer
HER2 negative: lower recurrence rates, higher life expectancy
Herceptin (trastizumab) blocks HER2 dimerization AND flags cancer cell for destruction by immune system.

31
Q

Pituitary gland (alternate name?)
Posterior lobe name
Anterior lobe name
Connected by?

A

Hypophysis
Posterior lobe: neurohypophysis
Anterior lobe: adenohypophysis
Connected by infundibulum

32
Q

Neurohypophysis
what kind of tissue?
Receives, stores, releases hormones from …
Examples of hormones?

A

Neural tissue
From hypothalamus
Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone

33
Q

Adenohypophysis
what kind of tissue?
How is it connected to hypothalamus?
What type of hormones released? (example)

A

Glandular tissue
Connected through hypophyseal portal system (indirect)
growth hormone

34
Q

Oxytocin:
From which lobe of which gland?
Pos/neg feedback?
Effect on birth?
Effect on lactation?
Effect on sexual arousal?

A

Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) of pituitary gland
Positive feedback mechanism
Birth: causes intense uterine contractions (can be externally stimulated)
Lacation: oxytocin causes milk letdown, sucking on nipple releases oxytocin
Arousal: in males/non-lactating females

35
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
From which lobe of which gland?
Effect on urine output?
Alcohol effect on ADH?

A

Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) of pituitary gland
Lowers urine output
Alcohol inhibits ADH, increases urine output

36
Q

Growth hormone
From which lobe of which gland?
Anabolic or catabolic?
Key targets?
Tropic?

A

From adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland)
Anabolic
Liver, skeletal muscle, bone
Tropic

37
Q

Gonadotropins:
From which lobe of which gland?
Examples
Effects in males/females
Tropic?

A

From adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
maturation of egg/sperm, release of estrogen/preogesterone/testosterone
Tropic

38
Q

Prolactin (PRL)
From which lobe of which gland?
Triggered by:
Inhibited by:
Effect

A

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
Triggered by: hypothalmic prolacin-releasing hormone (PRH)
Inhibited by dopamine
In females, stimulates milk production (sucking increases PRH, increases milk)

39
Q

Diseases from pituitary tumour (difference) - what happens?
Acromegaly vs Gigantism
before/after puberty?
What part of body is affected

A

Acromegaly: after puberty (epiphyseal plate closed), tissue swelling, pigmentation changing, skull expansion
Gigantism: before puberty, elongation of bones/fingers/toes

40
Q

Thyroid gland
largest/smallest endocrine gland?
Releases which main hormone?

A

Largest endocrine gland
Thyroid hormone

41
Q

Which things does thyroid hormone not affect? (acronym)

A

USTAT:
Uterus
Spleen
Testes
Adult brain
Thyroid gland (self)

42
Q

Components of:
T4 thyroid hormone
T3 thyroid hormone
Which is more active? by how much

A

T4: 4 iodine + 2 tyrosine
T3: 3 iodine + 2 tyrosine
T3 is 5-10x more active than T4

43
Q

Synthesis of thyroid hormone (6 steps)

A
  1. Thyroglobulin enters follicle lumen
  2. Iodides (I-) enter cell
  3. I- oxidized to I2
  4. Thyroid peroxidase forms T3/T4 with iodine + tyrosine (from thyroglobulin)
  5. T3/T4 enter lumen (with lysosome)
  6. Lysosomes cleave T3/T4 from thyroglobulin, enter bloodstream
44
Q

Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
Mechanism of activity on body is similar to? How?
Effects are local or body wide?
Exceptions (acronym)

A

Similar to steroids, lead to production of mRNA for desired effect
Body-wide effects
USTAT: uterus, spleen, testes, adult brain, thyroid gland

45
Q

Hypothyroidism:
From a deficiency in?
How does it happen?
What is goiter?
Additional symptoms

A

Iodine deficiency (can’t produce thyroid hormone)
Pituitary gland produces extra Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), doesn’t help since no iodine.
Leads to goiter: enlargement of thyroid gland
Low metabolic rate, lethargy, mental sluggishness

46
Q

Hyperthyroidism (grave’s disease)
Type of disease?
How?
Common symptoms

A

Autoimmune
Abnormal antibodies mimic Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), cause excessive thyroid hormone release
Symptoms: goiter, bulging eyes (exophthalmos)

47
Q

Calcitonin hormone
Which cells in thyroid produce it?
What does it do (to children)

A

Parafollicular cells
Lowers blood Ca2+ levels in children
How: inhibits osteoclast (bone breakdown) activity, stimulates Ca2+ incorporation into bone

48
Q

Parathyroid gland
which hormone?
Effect on calcium?
Feedback loop?

A

Parathyroid hormone
Increases calcium in the blood
Negative feedback loop (more calcium inhibits PTH)

49
Q

Adrenal glands
Adrenal medulla: part of … (NS)
Adrenal cortex: what type of hormones? (3 zones of cortex, 3 types of corticosteroids)

A

Adrenal medulla: parts of SNS
Adrenal cortex:corticosteroids (long-term stress)
Zona glomerulosa: aldosterones
Zona fasiculata: glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis: androgens

50
Q

Adrenal cortex:Steroidogenesis
What is the overall precursor
Draw out pathway

A

Cholesterol overall precursor
Check with notes

51
Q

Mineralocorticoids: main type?
What does it cause?
Secretion is impacted by (4 things, pos/neg?)

A

Aldosterone
Causes inc. blood pressure + volume
1. Low blood pressure (pos)
2. High K+ in blood (pos)
3. High stress (pos)
4. High blood pressure + volume (neg)

52
Q

most potent estrogen?

A

E2

53
Q

Cortisol:
What type of steroid? (where is it produced - gland + area)
How does it help reduce stress
Excessive levels of cortisol cause:

A

Glucocorticoid
Adrenal cortex (of adrenal gland)
keep blood glucose constant, maintain blood volume
Excess: dec. cartilage/bone formation, inflammation, inhibits immune system

54
Q

Adrenal medulla:
What type of stress does it respond to?
Which neurotransmitters released?

A

Short-term stress
Norepinephrine + epinephrine

55
Q

Short term stress vs long term stress (for each:
Part of adrenal gland stimulated:
Hormones/NT released:
Effects on body:

A

Short term stress: adrenal medulla, catcholamines (NE/E), inc. heart rate, blood pressure, reduced digestive/urinary output
Long-term stress: adrenal cortex, glucocorticoids (cortisol) + mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), inc. blood pressure, water/sodium retention, immune system suppression

56
Q

Pancreas:
Islets: endocrine or exocrine?
3 types of islets + what do they produce

A

Islets are endocrine
Alpha: glucagon
Beta: insulin + amylin
Delta: somatostatin

57
Q

Insulin:
effect on blood glucose
when is it released?

A

Decreases blood glucose
Released when glucose is high

58
Q

Glucagon
effect on blood glucose
when is it released?

A

Increases blood glucose (breaks down glycogen, uses ketones from fatty acids)
Released when glucose is low

59
Q

Type 1 diabetes
Which cells are attacked?
Hereditary?
Indications of type 1:
Long term effects of type 1:

A

Beta cells are attacked (autoimmune)
Hereditary
Polyuria: excessive urination
Polydipsia: excessive thirst
Polyphagia: excessive hunger/food consumption (body not using nutrients)
Blindness, loss of limbs,

60
Q

Type 2 diabetes:
occurs in what type of people
Adult or childhood onset?
How to prevent?

A

Obese/sedentary ppl
Adult onset
Body does not respond to insulin
Good diet/exercise

61
Q

Gonads: produce what
In females:
In males

A

Estrogen + progresteron
Testosterone

62
Q

Pineal gland
Which ventricle of brain
releases what hormone
for what

A

third ventricle
melatonin
for sleep cycle

63
Q

Thymus
how is it linked to lymphatics

A

Education of T cells

64
Q

What hormone are secreted by
Adipose tissue

A

Leptin. resistin, adiponectin

65
Q

What hormone is secreted by
Stomach

A

Gastrin

66
Q

What hormones are secreted by
dueodenum

A

intestinal gastrin, secretin, checytokinin, incretins

67
Q

What hormone is secreted by
heart

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

68
Q

What hormone is secreted by
kidney

A

renin

69
Q

What hormone is secreted by
skeleton

A

osteocalcin

70
Q

What hormone is secreted by
skin

A

cholecalciferol

71
Q

What hormone is secreted by
thymus

A

thymulin, thym-

72
Q

The following are tropic hormones except:
TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, MSH, GH, ACTH

A

PRL (prolactin), MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

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