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psych unit 3/4 > nervous system functioning > Flashcards

nervous system functioning Flashcards

unit 3 aos 1

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1
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

role of the brain

A

centre of almost everything we think, feel and do

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3
Q

role of spinal cord

A

send sensory information to the brain, receive motor information from the brain and send it to relevant parts of the body, initiate reflexes

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4
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

all the nerves outside the central nervous system

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5
Q

role of the peripheral nervous system

A

send sensory information to CNS from muscles, organs, and glands
sends motor information from CNS to muscles, organs, and glands.

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6
Q

role of somatic nervous system

A

carries sensory info to CNS and motor info from CNS
responsible for voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

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7
Q

role of autonomic nervous system

A

connects CNS to body’s internal organs
responsible for involuntary movement of body’s visceral muscles
is not completely self-regulating.

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8
Q

role of sympathetic nervous system

A

increases activity of most visceral muscles, organs, and glands
prepares body for fight or flight.

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9
Q

role of parasympathetic nervous system

A

decreases the activity of most visceral muscles, organs, and glands
maintains a normal state of bodily functioning

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10
Q

role of enteric nervous system

A

embedded within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract and is dedicated to its functioning

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11
Q

what is conscious response?

A

a reaction to a sensory stimulus that involves awareness, usually voluntary, goal-directed, and have some control over

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12
Q

process of conscious response

A
  1. sensory info of detected by sense organs
  2. sensory info that is detected is carried by sensory neurons
  3. brain processes this information
  4. once info is processed, the brain sends motor info, carried by motor neurons
  5. this enables conscious movement, carried out by skeletal muscles
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13
Q

what is unconscious response?

A

a reaction to a sensory stimulus that does not involve awareness, cannot ordinarily control its occurrence
made by autonomic nervous system or spinal cord

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14
Q

what is a spinal reflex?

A

an unconscious, automatic response controlled solely by neural circuits in the spinal cord

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15
Q

process of withdrawal reflex (spinal reflex)

A
  1. sensory receptors detect incoming sensory info.
  2. info is carried by sensory neurons and received by interneurons in the spinal cord.
  3. interneurons relay sensory info to motor neurons, activating relevant skeletal muscles to enable movement.
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16
Q

sensory (afferent) neuron

A

carries sensory information from PNS to CNS

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17
Q

motor (efferent) neuron

A

carries motor information from CNS to PNS

18
Q

interneuron

A

connects sensory and motor neurons, only found in CNS

19
Q

electrochemical process in neurons

A

-electric: electric impulse generated inside a neuron (action potential)
-chemical: electrical impulse triggers release of chemical messengers from a neuron, received by another neuron

20
Q

dendrites

A

-thin extensions form from the cell body of a neuron
-role is to receive info from other neurons

21
Q

axon terminals (terminal buttons)

A

-small knoblike swelling, located at the end of the axon collaterals
-role is to release neurotransmitters.

22
Q

synapse

A

-the sit of communication between adjacent neurons
-describes the synaptic gap, the presynaptic neuron, and the postsynaptic neuron

23
Q

synaptic gap

A

the tiny space between the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron

24
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

the neuron that releases the neurotransmitters

25
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

receives neurotransmitters

26
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messages produced by neurons

27
Q

process of neural transmission

A
  1. neurotransmitters are released at the axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
  2. neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic gap
  3. neurotransmitters bind themselves to the receptor sites of postsynaptic neurons (dendrites)
  4. neurotransmitters that bind at the postsynaptic neuron have either an excitatory or inhibitory effect
28
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

-makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire (info is more likely to passed onto another neuron)
-activity being stimulated

29
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

-makes the postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire (info is less likely to passed onto another neuron)
-activity being supressed.

30
Q

glutamate

A

main excitatory neurotransmitters in CNS

31
Q

GABA

A

main inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS

32
Q

neuromodulator

A

chemical molecule which affects multiple postsynaptic neurons

33
Q

what makes neuromodulators different from neurotransmitters?

A

-affects multiple postsynaptic neurons at the same time
-modulates neural activity (enhances inhibitory or excitatory effects of neurotransmitters)
-slower to take effect but has longer-lasting effects

34
Q

dopamine

A

responsible for:
-voluntary motor movement
-pleasure
-reward-based learning
-motivation
-addictive behaviours

-can be excitatory or inhibitory

35
Q

serotonin

A

responsible for:
-mood regulation
-sleep-wake cycle regulation

-only has inhibitory effects

36
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

the ability of the synapse to change due to experience

37
Q

sprouting

A

the ability of the dendrites to form new branches

38
Q

rerouting

A

the ability of neurons connected to damaged ones to create alternative connections

39
Q

pruning

A

the elimination of synaptic connections

40
Q

long term potentiation

A

the long-lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission due to repeated stimulation
(makes postsynaptic neurons most likely to fire, increasing efficiency)

41
Q

long term depression

A

the long- lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic transmission and neuronal response

42
Q

what are five similarities of LTP and LTD?

A

-both involve glutamate and occur at glutamate synapses
-both have long lasting effects
-both involve changes in excitability
-both are activity dependent
-both are forms of neural plasticity

psych unit 3/4 (7 decks)

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