key science skills Flashcards
beneficence
maximising benefits and minimising risks
integrity
conducting research in an honest way, and honestly reporting all information
non-maleficence
minimising harm as much as possible
justice
the research is done in a just way
respect
all living things have value
voluntary participation
participants freely choose to participate without any coercion or pressure
informed consent procedures
participants understand the nature and purpose of the experiment, including potential risks
-two parts: informed and consent
-in the case of children, must obtain informed consent of child (where possible) and their parent/guardian(s)
-withdrawal rights and right to confidentiality must be explained
withdrawal rights
participants are able to leave the experiment at any time during or after the experiment
confidentiality
the protection and privacy of participant information
use of deception
only allowed when knowing the true nature of the experiment will affect participant behaviour
debriefing
at the end of the experiment the participant leaves understanding the aim, results, and conclusion, and all questions are answered
ethical concepts
-beneficence
-integrity
-non-maleficence
-justice
-respect
BINJR
ethical guidelines
-voluntary participation
-informed consent procedures
-withdrawal rights
-confidentiality
-use of deception
-debriefing
sample
a group of research participants selected from a larger population of research interest
population
the entire group of research interest from which a sample is drawn
representative sample and how to make a sample representative?
a sample that closely matches the population
-recruiting a large sample
-using random or stratified sampling
random sampling
sampling which ensures that every member of the population of research interest has an equal chance of being selected to be apart of the sample
advantages and disadvantages of random sampling
advantages:
-reduces experimenter bias given how participants are selected
-helps to ensure that a representative sample is obtained
disadvantages:
-need to know everyone in the population
-doesn’t guarantee a representative sample (especially for small samples)
stratified sampling
involves dividing the population to be sampled into different sub-groups (strata), then selecting a separate sample from each subgroup (stratum) in the same proportions as they occur in the population interest
advantages and disadvantages of stratified sampling
advantages:
-more likely to obtain a representative sample compared to random sampling
-useful for comparisons between specific groups
disadvantages:
-need to know proportions within research population
-can be demanding on researcher to select the most appropriate strata
between subjects design
an experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition
advantages and disadvantages of between subjects design
advantages:
-no order effects (unwanted effects of the order of a task/practice effect)
disadvantages:
-participant differences may interfere
-needs more participants than within subjects design
within subjects design
an experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition
advantages and disadvantages of within subjects design
advantages
-fewer participants needed compared to between subjects design
-eliminates participant differences between groups
disadvantages:
-vulnerable to order effects (practice effect)
-participants are more likely to drop out