Nervous System Development

Question 1

Zygote

Answer 1

Undifferentiated cells that obtain the same genes

Question 2

The unspecified zygotes will eventually develop into ____ cells that express different ____

Answer 2

Specified; genes

Question 3

Blastula

Answer 3

A ball of cells capable of turning into a new organism

Question 4

The formation of ____ happens during 14–18 days after fertilization

Answer 4

Ectoderm

Question 5

Ectoderm will eventually develop into ____ and ____ ____, and the under layer will become ____ cells.

Answer 5

Skin; Nervous system; body

Question 6

The ____ ____ develops during the 23/24th day of embryonic development, which will become the ____ nervous system

Answer 6

Neural tube; Central

Question 7

The neural ____ forms after the ____ that contain the neural ____ is closed.

Answer 7

Crest; groove; tube

Question 8

The basic plan of embryo sets the…

Answer 8

Foundation of body development

Question 9

Stages of neural development

Answer 9

1. Proliferation
2. Migration
3. Differentiation
4. Pruning and cell death
5. Myelination

Question 10

The central canal will eventually turn into ____

Answer 10

Ventricles

Question 11

During migration, signals are sent to cells to notify the end of their development as a ____ and migrate to the ____ of ____ ____

Answer 11

Neuroblast; outside; neural tube

Question 12

The function of cell adhesion molecule in a growing axon

Answer 12

Guide the axon where to grow next

Question 13

____ cells sends the growing axons ____ ____ to guide the secretion of CAM in order for the axon to grow

Answer 13

Target; neurotrophic factors

Question 14

Types of neurotrophic factors and where are they found

Answer 14

• Nerve growth factor (NGF): PNS
• Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): CNS

Question 15

What will trigger apoptosis for a growing axon? (Btw, which component of the nervous system finishes its dead fellow?)

Answer 15

• If the axon grows excess dendrites or are not as competent than other axons
• If the axon received too little neurotrophic factors
  (Glia cells come and finish the rest)

Question 16

Myelination happens by which components are where do they happen?

Answer 16

• Oligodendroglia: CNS
• Schwann cells: PNS

Question 17

Brain weight multiplies ____ times from birth to ____ years

Answer 17

3.5; 12

Question 18

The ____ ____ reflexes are the ____ to develop, then ____ to ____.

Answer 18

Spinal cord; earliest; subcortex; cortex

Question 19

Proliferation allows most of the neurons to be done dividing ____ born

Answer 19

Before

Question 20

1/ The ____, ____ ____ and the ____ ____ of hippocampus develops ____ born.

Answer 20

Cerebellum; olfactory bulb; dentate gyrus

Question 21

Functions related to the cerebellum

Answer 21

Learning and memory; Body coordination

Question 22

Function of the olfactory bulb

Answer 22

Smelling; differentiating between different smell

Question 23

Function of dentate gyrus

Answer 23

Merge all sensory modalities together to form unique representations and memories that bind stimuli together

Question 24

The cerebellum continues development for ____ years into the life, while the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus continues development ____-____

Answer 24

2; life-long

Question 25

Effects are greater during ____development than ____ in childhood or adulthood.

Answer 25

Early; Later

Question 26

All stages of ____ development are ____ to ____ effects on the brain through exposure to many substances.

Answer 26

Neuronal; Vulnerable; permanent

Question 27

Development of the cerebral cortex proceeds in the direction from ____ to ____ functions.

Answer 27

Visual; prefrontal

Question 28

Amblyopia

Answer 28

Eyes out of alignment — the dominant eye takes over, and the weaker eye loses neuronal competition

Question 29

If a neuron is used ____, it will occupy _____ area.

Answer 29

More/less, more/less

Question 30

To adjust amblyopia, we could cover up the ____ eye so that the other eye is forced to develop (take up ____ in the nervous system)

Answer 30

Good; Space

Question 31

Glutamate in the CNS acts as…

Answer 31

Excitatory transmitter

Question 32

Types of glutamate receptors (both Ionotropic)

Answer 32

• AMPA: excitation (EPSP)
• NMDA: Need depolarization (>1 EPSP) to open

Question 33

Synapses that are ____ together are ____ together.

Answer 33

Used; strengthened

Question 34

If neurons from ____ eyes worked ____, depolarization from ____ receptor will be enough to open the ____ receptor.

Answer 34

Both; together; AMPA; NMDA

Question 35

Rats living in an ____ condition through adolescence have more ____ and ____ which allow them to do better at mazes than rats that lived in an ____ condition.

Answer 35

Enriched; dendrites; synapses; individual

Question 36

Proliferation after birth only happens for ____ (ensure synapses) and ____ (pruning) to add or subtract ____

Answer 36

Glia; dendrites; synapses

Question 37

The dendritic growth in the ____ cortex in the ____ year allows for the ____ to be at almost adult level.

Answer 37

Visual; first; vision

Question 38

The area of ____ ____ decrease through ____, while the volume of ____ ____ increase to compensate the loss.

Answer 38

Prefrontal cortex / grey matter; adolescence; white matter

Question 39

Grey matter= ; White matter =

Answer 39

Cell bodies; axons

Question 40

White matter in the brain is ____ ____ which is located under the ____ ____

Answer 40

Corpus callosum; cerebral cortex

Question 41

Myelinaion proceeds ____ ____ but mostly during ____ and ____

Answer 41

Throughout life; juvenile; adolescence

Question 42

When rats enter adulthood, the number of neurons ____ in medial ____ ____ and ____

Answer 42

Decrease; prefrontal cortex; amygdala

Question 43

In both rats and humans, ____ are lost in ____ ____ as we enter adulthood, and ____ increases until the ____ decade (for humans)

Answer 43

Synapses; prefrontal cortex; myelination; 4th