Nervous System Development Flashcards
Zygote
Undifferentiated cells that obtain the same genes
The unspecified zygotes will eventually develop into ____ cells that express different ____
Specified; genes
Blastula
A ball of cells capable of turning into a new organism
The formation of ____ happens during 14–18 days after fertilization
Ectoderm
Ectoderm will eventually develop into ____ and ____ ____, and the under layer will become ____ cells.
Skin; Nervous system; body
The ____ ____ develops during the 23/24th day of embryonic development, which will become the ____ nervous system
Neural tube; Central
The neural ____ forms after the ____ that contain the neural ____ is closed.
Crest; groove; tube
The basic plan of embryo sets the…
Foundation of body development
Stages of neural development
- Proliferation
- Migration
- Differentiation
- Pruning and cell death
- Myelination
The central canal will eventually turn into ____
Ventricles
During migration, signals are sent to cells to notify the end of their development as a ____ and migrate to the ____ of ____ ____
Neuroblast; outside; neural tube
The function of cell adhesion molecule in a growing axon
Guide the axon where to grow next
____ cells sends the growing axons ____ ____ to guide the secretion of CAM in order for the axon to grow
Target; neurotrophic factors
Types of neurotrophic factors and where are they found
- Nerve growth factor (NGF): PNS
- Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): CNS
What will trigger apoptosis for a growing axon? (Btw, which component of the nervous system finishes its dead fellow?)
- If the axon grows excess dendrites or are not as competent than other axons
- If the axon received too little neurotrophic factors
(Glia cells come and finish the rest)
Myelination happens by which components are where do they happen?
- Oligodendroglia: CNS
- Schwann cells: PNS
Brain weight multiplies ____ times from birth to ____ years
3.5; 12
The ____ ____ reflexes are the ____ to develop, then ____ to ____.
Spinal cord; earliest; subcortex; cortex
Proliferation allows most of the neurons to be done dividing ____ born
Before
1/ The ____, ____ ____ and the ____ ____ of hippocampus develops ____ born.
Cerebellum; olfactory bulb; dentate gyrus
Functions related to the cerebellum
Learning and memory; Body coordination
Function of the olfactory bulb
Smelling; differentiating between different smell
Function of dentate gyrus
Merge all sensory modalities together to form unique representations and memories that bind stimuli together
The cerebellum continues development for ____ years into the life, while the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus continues development ____-____
2; life-long
Effects are greater during ____development than ____ in childhood or adulthood.
Early; Later
All stages of ____ development are ____ to ____ effects on the brain through exposure to many substances.
Neuronal; Vulnerable; permanent
Development of the cerebral cortex proceeds in the direction from ____ to ____ functions.
Visual; prefrontal
Amblyopia
Eyes out of alignment — the dominant eye takes over, and the weaker eye loses neuronal competition
If a neuron is used ____, it will occupy _____ area.
More/less, more/less
To adjust amblyopia, we could cover up the ____ eye so that the other eye is forced to develop (take up ____ in the nervous system)
Good; Space
Glutamate in the CNS acts as…
Excitatory transmitter
Types of glutamate receptors (both Ionotropic)
- AMPA: excitation (EPSP)
- NMDA: Need depolarization (>1 EPSP) to open
Synapses that are ____ together are ____ together.
Used; strengthened
If neurons from ____ eyes worked ____, depolarization from ____ receptor will be enough to open the ____ receptor.
Both; together; AMPA; NMDA
Rats living in an ____ condition through adolescence have more ____ and ____ which allow them to do better at mazes than rats that lived in an ____ condition.
Enriched; dendrites; synapses; individual
Proliferation after birth only happens for ____ (ensure synapses) and ____ (pruning) to add or subtract ____
Glia; dendrites; synapses
The dendritic growth in the ____ cortex in the ____ year allows for the ____ to be at almost adult level.
Visual; first; vision
The area of ____ ____ decrease through ____, while the volume of ____ ____ increase to compensate the loss.
Prefrontal cortex / grey matter; adolescence; white matter
Grey matter= ; White matter =
Cell bodies; axons
White matter in the brain is ____ ____ which is located under the ____ ____
Corpus callosum; cerebral cortex
Myelinaion proceeds ____ ____ but mostly during ____ and ____
Throughout life; juvenile; adolescence
When rats enter adulthood, the number of neurons ____ in medial ____ ____ and ____
Decrease; prefrontal cortex; amygdala
In both rats and humans, ____ are lost in ____ ____ as we enter adulthood, and ____ increases until the ____ decade (for humans)
Synapses; prefrontal cortex; myelination; 4th
