Nervous System & Cardiovascular System Flashcards
▪ is a network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal’s surroundings and itself.
▪ processes this information and causes reactions in other parts of the body.
▪ composed of neurons and other specialized cells called glia, that aids in the function of the neurons.
▪ It is divided broadly into two categories: the peripheral and the central
Nervous system
o composed of the brain, its stem and spinal cord;
o contains several pools of neurons interconnected by cell processes
Central nervous system
o comprise the nerve trunks (cranial & spinal nerves), ganglia and nerve endings)
Peripheral nervous system
The fibrous covering membrane
that encloses the brain & spinal cord.
Meninges
The outer most tough fibrous covering consisting of collagen and some elastic fibers and blood vessels =pachymeninx
Dura mater
The middle layer of distinct collagen & elastic fibers with many trabeculae on its surface;
Trabeculae serve as a supportive network for the subarachnoid space occupied by CSF
Arachnoid
The inner most protective
membrane extending into the
depressions and fissures of the brain
and spinal cord; consists of fine
collagenous & elastic fibers.
Pia mater
Arachnoid and Pia mater forms the ______________
Leptomeninges
It is composed of Ependyma, Tela choroidea, and Vascular plexus.
Choroid plexus
It is composed of a thin layer of epithelial cell lining the ventricular space with the peripherally positioned pia mater.
Ependyma
Thin, web-like connective tissue layer
Telo choroidea
It is contained withinn the delicate tissue projecting into the ventricular system as extensive poles.
Vascular plexus
Round to oval structure surrounded by meninges. Divided into: grey matter and white matter
Spinal cord
Forming H or butterfly shape consisting of nerve cell bodies,
neuroglia, unmyelnted fibers &
some myelinated.
Grey matter (spinal cord)
The area outside the H or butterfly shape consisting of primarily
myelinated fibers, also unmyetd fibers, glial cells and blood vessels ; areas include the dorsal funiculus occupies the region betwn DC, lateral funiculus
betwn adjacent DC & VC,ventral
funiculus betwn VC
White matter (spinal cord)
Composed of small
neurons and unmyelinated fibers
Outer molecular layer of cerebellum (grey matter)
The large pyramidal cell
Middle purkinje layer of cerebellum (grey matter)
It is consist of small &
tightly packed cell
Inner glanular layer of cerebellum (grey matter)
It is composed of myelinated fibers is surrounded by the grey matter
White matter (cerebellum)
It is composed of myelinated axons
White matter
It is composed of cell bodies, dendrites and neuroglia
Grey matter
o comprise the nerve trunks (cranial & spinal nerves), ganglia and nerve endings)
Peripheral nervous system
It includes neuron that carry information from external environment to the CNS and back to skeletal muscle
Somatic nervous system
It includes neurons that carry information from the external environment to the CNS and back to skeletal muscle, but the evocation of response involves the visceral organs
Automatic nervous system
Accumulations of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
Ganglia
Aggregations of cell bodies within the central nervous system
Nuclei
It comprises the cranial ganglia of the cranial nerves and dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves
Sensory ganglia
The paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia within the sympha.NS;
- Parasympha ganglia are the terminal g close to, upon or w/n organs wall= intramural g
Motor ganglia
The neuronal processes or nerve fibers connecting the brain, brain stem and spinal cord
to peripheral dendritic zones or axon telodendria.
They are covered by dense collagenous fibers
(endoneurium and perineurium)
Nerve trunks
The transducers of various
modalities such as pain, touch, warmth, pressure, etc
Afferent nerve ending
It is found in the hairless skin of the sole and palms which are pressure
receptor
Meissner’s corpuscle
Similar to and larger and more encapsulated than golgi
mazzoni; pressure receptor found in the clitoris and glans penis
Genital corpuscle
The largest
encapsulated nerve ending which is a pressure receptor located in deep connective tissue
Vater pacinian corpuscle
The smaller version of pacinian found in the tongues and beaks of birds
Herbst corpuscle
Probably heat receptor but are associated with kinesthetic sensations
Ruffini corpuscle
Most numerous, found in the skin ,
mucous, serous memb, muscles,
joints and visceral connective tissue.
;touch receptor
Free and diffuse nerve endings
It is consists of the heart and blood vessels that pump, transport and
distribute blood to the cells and tissues
Cardiovascular system
~ Tunica mucosa
Tunica intima
Typical sqamous cell lining the lumen; consistent feature of blood vessels and heart
Endothelium
It consists of fibroelastic
tissue and fibroblast and smooth muscle fibers
Subendothelial coat
Condensation of elastic fibers separating the tunica intima and
tunica media
Internal elastic membrane
Mixture of smooth muscle tissue,
collagen, elastic fibers and fibroblasts
Tunica media
Arranged in circular pattern around the lumen intimately associated with the collagen and elastic fibers
Smooth muscle of tunics
Have nervi and vasa vasorum
(nerve and blood supply of the vessels) occur within this tunic
Large vessel of tunics
It may be present between the Tunica media and Tunica adventitia
External elastic membrane of tunics
It is composed of dense fibroelastic connective tissue
Tunica adventitia
Inseparable from the hemodynamic role they perform
Histology of the vessel
It carries low volume of blood under high pressure and velocity
Arterial system
It has large volume of blood under diminished pressure and velocity
Capillary system
It carries high blood volume at low pressures and velocities
Venous system
Exchange component of CVS
wherein metabolites gain access to and waste products leave the c.t. space
Lined by endothelium surrounded by basal lamina ; single RBC can be accommodated in its lumen
Capillaries
The most common and least permeable; abundant in skin and muscle, , lungs and nervous system
Continuous capillary
It has has holes or fenestration; present in glomerulus, intestinal villi
Fenestrated capillary
The least common and most permeable; incomplete basement membrane; present in liver, spleen, bone marrow
Sinusoid capillary
Larger than sinusoids, basal
lamina is discontinuous and the lining cells are not phagocytic
Venous sinuses
Macrophages,fibroblasts,
mesenchymal cells, mast cells, pericytes(smooth muscle cell intimately asso with endothelium)
Pericapillary cells
Capillaries with a single layer of smooth muscle fiber controlling blood flow through the metarterioles into the capillary bed proper
Precapillary spinchter
Branch of arteriole with discontinuous layer of smooth muscle fibers surrounding it;
It serves as sphincter controlling blood flowing through the central or thoroughfare channel to join the venous system
Metarteriole
Continuation of capillary with
gradual transition
Aterioles
actually similar structure with small artery; mistaken as small artery
Large arteriole
It has 2-3 layers of smooth muscle cells
Small arteriole
It has 1 layer of smooth muscle, lumen is abt the size of an RBC
Terminal arteriole
Very similar with terminal arteriole except the smooth muscle in its t.
media is replaced by a pericyte; difficult to differentiate from the terminal arteriole in tissue section
Metaarteriole
No sharp line of demarcation between arterioles and small arteries
Arteries
It is also called muscular or distributing arteries
Small and medium sized arteries
The largest
arteries- compared to their luminal volume, wall is thin
Elastic arteries
Equivalent to tunica media, consists of cardiac muscles, c.t. fibers, nerve and blood vessels
Myocardium
A serous membrane called visceral pericardium in gross anatomy
Epicardium
mesothelium rest upon a thin layer of loose c.t.
Subepicardial coat
Appear round in cross section;
have undulating internal elastic
membrane
Artery
Tiny endothelial tubes; mostly compressed or
collapsed
Capillary
Larger in diameter; irregular or
collapsed lumen; thinner walls; lack
internal elastic membrane; have
valves
Vein
Endothelium: a simple squamous epithelium; small amount of connective tissue; and internal elastic membrane
Tunica interna
Circularly arranged smooth muscle cells; some elastic and collagenous fibers
Tunica Media
A layer of connective tissue that blends with the surrounding structure
Tunica externa
Tiny endothelial
tubes; mostly compressed or collapsed
Capillary
(also known as Rouget cells, or mural cells) are multi-functional cells that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries and venules throughout the body.
Pericytes
Appear round in cross section; have undulating internal elastic
membrane
Artery
Endothelium; 2 -3 layers of
smooth muscle; loose CT
Arteriole
Endothelium; 8-9 layers
of smooth muscle; loose CT
Small artery
Larger in diameter; irregular or collapsed lumen; thinner walls;
lacks internal elastic membrane; have valves
Vein
Smallest vein; almost
the same with arteriole but lacks
tunica media and internal elastic
membrane
Venule
Same with venule but
may have slightly larger lumen and more visible smooth muscle layer
Small vein
It has less smooth muscle; few elastic tissue; has thicker tunica adventitia
Medium vein
It has thicker tunica adventitia with smooth muscle
Large vein
■ Folds in the intima seen in medium and larger veins
■ Prevent backflow of blood
■ Also present in the lymphatic
vessels
Valve
Located within muscle tissue. They have a corresponding artery nearby.
Deep veins
Are closer to the skin’s surface. They don’t have corresponding arteries.
Superficial veins
Transport blood that’s been filled with oxygen by the lungs to the heart. Each lung has two sets of pulmonary veins, a right and left one.
Pulmonary veins
Located throughout the body from the legs up to the neck, including the arms and trunk. They transport deoxygenated
blood back to the heart.
Systemic veins
Surrounding the two semilunar valve
Fibrous rings
Mass of fibrous tissue between AV canals
Fibrous triangle
Ossified fibrous rings of the aortic semilunar valve
Os cordis
•Four fibrous rings surrounding
the two semilunar valve
(pulmonary artery and aorta) and
right and left AV valves
•Fibrous triangle – mass of
fibrous tissue between AV canals
•Fibrous tissue of membranous
IV septum.
❖Os cordis ossified fibrous rings
of the aortic semilunar valve
Cardiac skeleton
