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MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY (Mrs. Lucia Rigos) > Bone Marrow, Muscle Tissue, Nervous Tissue and Blood > Flashcards

Bone Marrow, Muscle Tissue, Nervous Tissue and Blood Flashcards

1
Q

A semi-solid tissue found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.

A

Bone Marrow

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2
Q

Primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis

A

Bone marrow

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3
Q

Process of blood formation

A

Hematopoiesis

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4
Q

A group of tissues where hematopoiesis occurs

A
  1. Lymphoid tissue
  2. Myeloid tissue (red bone marrow)
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5
Q

Give rise to lymphocytes

A

Lymphoid tissue

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6
Q

Gives rise to red blood cells and granulocytes and monocytes

A

Myeloid tissue

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7
Q

Highly cellular hematopoietic tissue specialized to produce blood cells and platelets/ thrombocytes

A

Red bone marrow

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8
Q

Rich in adipose tissue; found in the entire skeleton of an adult animal

A

Yellow bone marrow

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9
Q

Stem cell

A

Hemocytoblast

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10
Q

Where do mature cells predominate over the immature cells?

A

Peripheral circulation

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11
Q
  • Large round cell with basophilic cytoplasm
  • Nucleus is large with finely granular chromatin and few nucleoli
A

Proerythrocyte

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12
Q
  • Round cell with round nucleus
  • Earliest cell of the erythroid series
  • More deeply basophilic cytoplasm than proerythrocyte
  • Nuclear chromatin is more coarsely clumped
A

Basophilic Erythroblast

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13
Q
  • smaller cells
  • chromatin is more condensed
  • Cytoplasm is mottled, with pink and blue areas but become more pink due to haemoglobin synthesis
A

Polychromatophilic erythroblast

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14
Q
  • round, highly condensed and deeply stained nucleus
  • Cytoplasm is eosinophilic with slight tinges of blue
A

Orthichromatophilic Erythroblast

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15
Q
  • without nucleus
  • larger than red blood cells
  • not concave
A

Reticulocyte

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16
Q
  • biconcave
A

Erythrocyte

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17
Q

Erythroid series

A
  1. Proerythrocyte
  2. Basophilic erythroblast
  3. Polychromatophilic erythroblast
  4. Orthichromatophilic Erythroblast
  5. Reticulocyte
  6. Erythrocytes
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18
Q
  • large, granulocytix cells with grainy basophilic cytoplasm
  • round to oval nucleus
  • nucleoli may be present
A

Myeloblast

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19
Q
  • Earliest form readily distinguishable
  • Large nucleus with nucleoli
  • Non- specific azurophilic granules
A

Promyelocyte

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20
Q
  • smaller and has an oval, eccentric, nucleus with more condensed chromatin
  • Specific granules are apparent
A

Myelocyte

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21
Q
  • Nucleus becomes more elongated, indented or bean
A

Metamyelocyte

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22
Q
  • Smaller and has an oval or horse-shoe shaped eccentric nucleus with more condensed chromatin
A

Band cells

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23
Q

Neutrophils
Eosinophil
Basophils

A

Granulocytes

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24
Q

Granulocytes series

A
  1. Myeloblast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Myelocyte
  4. Metamyelocyte
  5. Band cells
  6. Granulocytes
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25
Q

Formation of lymphocytes (from bone marrow to lymphoid tissue)

A

Lymphocytopoiesis

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26
Q

Lymphocytopoiesis series

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
  2. Lymphoblast
  3. Promyelocyte
  4. Lymphocyte
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27
Q

Occurs only when the thymus and bursa Fabricius still exist, when not mitosis of the existing T and B cells occur in the secondary lymphoid organ

A

Lymphocytopoiesis

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28
Q

Process of platelet formation

A

Thrombocytopoiesis

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29
Q

Largest cell in the thrombocytopoiesis series that remains in the b.m., fragments of the nucleus pinched off to become the platelets.

A

Metamegakaryocyte

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30
Q

Thrombocytopoiesis series

A
  1. Hemocytoblast
  2. Megaryoblast
  3. Promegaryocyte
  4. Megakaryocyte
  5. Metamegakaryocyte
  6. Platelets
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31
Q

Ave life span in RBC and WBC

A

Equine - 45
Caprine - 125

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32
Q

What removes red blood cells?

A

Reticuloendothelial system (RES) in the spleen

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33
Q

Group of muscle cells or fibers composed of organelles and inclusions like any other cell

A

Muscle tissue

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34
Q

Name for the cell membrane in muscle tissue

A

Sarcolemma

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35
Q

Cytoplasm in the muscle tissue

A

Sarcoplasm

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36
Q

Prefix that means flesh

A

sarco

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37
Q

Three types of muscle

A
  1. Smooth muscle
  2. Skeletal muscle
  3. Cardiac muscle
    • ordinary cardiac muscle
    • special cardiac muscle fiber
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38
Q
  • Elongated and spindle-shaped cells with tapered ends
  • Muscles are tightly packed to form sheet
  • Staggered fashion
A

Smooth muscle

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39
Q
  • Found in the lamina propia of the tunica mucosa and tinica mascularis of tubular organs
A

Smooth muscle

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40
Q
  • Fibers are long and cylindrical with blunt ends
  • multinucleated located peripherally
  • special feature is the x-struations of the sarcoplasm
A

Skeletal muscle

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41
Q
  • stratiations are the altering dark or A band and light or I band
  • I band contains the fine/thin actin filaments
  • A band contains thr thick myosin filaments and overlapping ends of actin = A band is dark
A

Skeletal muscle

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42
Q

A band has a narrow light area at the middle called ________because of the absent actin filament.

43
Q

I band is bisected by the dark middle dark line called

44
Q

The unit structure of muscle contraction

45
Q

A group of myofilaments appear clumps of acidophilic dots

A

Field of cohnheim

46
Q
  • Has X - striations but functions like smooth muscle
  • Multinucleated located at the center of elongated branched fiber
  • Highly vascular; have intercaleted disc
A

Ordinary cardiac muscle

47
Q
  • Impulse conducting cells located from A-V node to IV septum
A

Special cardiac muscle fiber

48
Q

Outer most covering of muscle

49
Q

Covers bundle/fascicle of muscle

A

Perimysium

50
Q

Covering of muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

51
Q

Comprise the nervous system

A

Nervous tissue

52
Q

Two types of cells in nervous tissue

A
  1. Neuron
  2. Neuroglia
53
Q

Functional and anatomical unit structure of the nervous system

54
Q

Connective tissue cells that provide protection support and nourishment to the nervous system

55
Q

Parts of nervous tissue

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Cellular processes
56
Q

Contain the nucleus and other cell organelles; it has cytoplasm with Nissl bodies (clumps of endoplasmic reticulum)

57
Q

Longest cellular process which maybe either myelinated or unmyelinated

A

Axon/ Nerve fiber

58
Q

End bifurcates

A

Telodendria

59
Q

Short cellular process which carries impulse towards the cell body; receives stimuli

60
Q

Types of Neurons (as to structures)

A
  1. Multipolar neuron
  2. Bipolar neuron
  3. Unipolar neuron
  4. Pseudounipolar neuron
61
Q

It has many dendrites and one neuron

A

Multipolar neuron

62
Q

It has one dendrite and one axon. Found only in the eyes and ears

A

Bipolar neuron

63
Q

It has only axon emanating from the cell body and no dendrite. The dendrites are found in the receptors and axon leads to the brain or spinal cord

A

Unipolar neuron

64
Q

It has an axon that bifurcate at a distance from the cell body

A

Pseudounipolar neuron

65
Q

Types of Neuron (as a function)

A
  1. Interneuron
  2. Motor neuron
  3. Sensory neuron
66
Q

Multipolar neurons which connect other neurons together such as sensory with motor neuron

A

Interneuron

67
Q

Multipolar and innervates an effector such as muscle, gland, heart, etc.

A

Motor neuron

68
Q

Unipolar, its single axon connects to dendrites at the peripheral end which receive stimuli from a receptor and then axons enter the central nervous system to connect to motor or interneuron

A

Sensory neuron

69
Q
  • Form myelin sheats around axons in the CNS
  • One oligodendrocyte can form myelin sheats along more than one internode of more than one axon
  • Have smaller cell bodies than astrocytes and relatively fewer processes leaving the cell body
A

Oligodendrocytes

70
Q
  • Star shape glial cell
  • Provide physical support to neurons
  • Provides nourishment to neurons
A

Astrocytes

71
Q
  • Main phagocytic cell and antigen-presenting cells in the nervous central nervous system
  • Have the smallest cell bodies among the neuroglia
72
Q
  • Columnar cells lining the fluid-filled cavities of the brain and spinal cord
  • Play a role in production, transport, and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid
A

Ependymal cell

73
Q
  • Produce the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system, myelin sheat which protects and insulates axons
  • maintains their micro-environment
  • enables saltstory conduction
A

Schwann cell

74
Q

-special type of connective tissue found anywhere even in the smallest tissue of the body

75
Q

Circulate throughout the body

A

Peripheral blood

76
Q

3 components of blood

A

Cell
Intercellular substance
Fluids

77
Q

Straw colored and transparent fluid matrix with fibrin

78
Q

Also colored fluid removed of fibrin thru coagulation

79
Q
  • Not a cell in mammals but just fragment of large cells called metamegakaryocyte
A

Platelets/ thrombocytes

80
Q

Bound, round to oval structure with a central basophilic zone called hyalomere

81
Q

Most numerous in fighting cocks

82
Q
  • most nemerous in the blood
  • biconcave disc; not nucleated
    -rbc stain pink
A

Erythrocytes

83
Q

In stagnant blood may stack one upon another called

A

Rouleaux formation

84
Q

Hemoglobin + oxygen

A

Oxyhemoglobin

85
Q

Granular white blood cells have granules in their cytoplasm nucleus maybe lobed or segmented

A

Leukocytes

86
Q
  • Most frequent encounter in a blood smear
  • Nucleus vary from 3-5 lobes connected by a very fine strand of nucleoplasm
  • Granules vary from purple, light pink to color less
  • Granules are the lysosome
A

Neutrophils

87
Q

Mature forms should appear in the peripheral circulation

A

Segmenters

88
Q

Immature forms in the peripheral circulation is indicative of pathologic condition

A

Band neutrophils

89
Q
  • next number to neutrophils
  • characterized by s bilobed N and pink to red granules
A

Eosinophils

90
Q
  • least encountered granulocyte
  • increase in number in certain parasitic infection called Dirofilariasis or heartworm disease
  • source of histamine and heparin
91
Q

Have no granules in their cytoplasm

A

Agranulocytes

92
Q
  • next to neutrophil in number
  • round cells with round or indented nucleu occupying almostvsll the cytoplasm
A

Lymphocytes

93
Q

Almost absent in blood smears because they are extra vascular

A

Large lymphocytes

94
Q
  • named after bursa of Fabricious in avian
  • found in bone marrow and germinal centers of lymphatic and splenic nodules
A

B lymphocytes

95
Q
  • produced in the thymus, then populate the paracortical zone
  • transform into cytotoxic cell, suppresor cell or memory cells
  • long lived lympho are the memory cells
A

T lymphocytes

96
Q

Named according to their specific actions

A

Lymphokines

97
Q

Aggregate macrophages

A

Macrophage aggregating factor

98
Q

Stimulates lymphocytes to divide

A

Mitogenic factor

99
Q

Prevents replication of viruses

A

Interferon

100
Q
  • largest cells in the peripheral circulation
    -kidney shaped nucleus
101
Q

Oval cells with oval nuclei

A

Avian Erythrocytes

102
Q
  • True cells because they are nucleated
  • most numerous in fighting cocks breeds
A

Avian Platelets

103
Q
  • counterpart of neutrophils in mammals
    -rod shaped eosinophilic granules
A

Avian Heterophils

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY (Mrs. Lucia Rigos) (5 decks)

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