Bone Marrow, Muscle Tissue, Nervous Tissue and Blood Flashcards
1
Q
A semi-solid tissue found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.
A
Bone Marrow
2
Q
Primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis
A
Bone marrow
3
Q
Process of blood formation
A
Hematopoiesis
4
Q
A group of tissues where hematopoiesis occurs
A
- Lymphoid tissue
- Myeloid tissue (red bone marrow)
5
Q
Give rise to lymphocytes
A
Lymphoid tissue
6
Q
Gives rise to red blood cells and granulocytes and monocytes
A
Myeloid tissue
7
Q
Highly cellular hematopoietic tissue specialized to produce blood cells and platelets/ thrombocytes
A
Red bone marrow
8
Q
Rich in adipose tissue; found in the entire skeleton of an adult animal
A
Yellow bone marrow
9
Q
Stem cell
A
Hemocytoblast
10
Q
Where do mature cells predominate over the immature cells?
A
Peripheral circulation
11
Q
- Large round cell with basophilic cytoplasm
- Nucleus is large with finely granular chromatin and few nucleoli
A
Proerythrocyte
12
Q
- Round cell with round nucleus
- Earliest cell of the erythroid series
- More deeply basophilic cytoplasm than proerythrocyte
- Nuclear chromatin is more coarsely clumped
A
Basophilic Erythroblast
13
Q
- smaller cells
- chromatin is more condensed
- Cytoplasm is mottled, with pink and blue areas but become more pink due to haemoglobin synthesis
A
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
14
Q
- round, highly condensed and deeply stained nucleus
- Cytoplasm is eosinophilic with slight tinges of blue
A
Orthichromatophilic Erythroblast
15
Q
- without nucleus
- larger than red blood cells
- not concave
A
Reticulocyte
16
Q
- biconcave
A
Erythrocyte
17
Q
Erythroid series
A
- Proerythrocyte
- Basophilic erythroblast
- Polychromatophilic erythroblast
- Orthichromatophilic Erythroblast
- Reticulocyte
- Erythrocytes
18
Q
- large, granulocytix cells with grainy basophilic cytoplasm
- round to oval nucleus
- nucleoli may be present
A
Myeloblast
19
Q
- Earliest form readily distinguishable
- Large nucleus with nucleoli
- Non- specific azurophilic granules
A
Promyelocyte
20
Q
- smaller and has an oval, eccentric, nucleus with more condensed chromatin
- Specific granules are apparent
A
Myelocyte
21
Q
- Nucleus becomes more elongated, indented or bean
A
Metamyelocyte
22
Q
- Smaller and has an oval or horse-shoe shaped eccentric nucleus with more condensed chromatin
A
Band cells
23
Q
Neutrophils
Eosinophil
Basophils
A
Granulocytes
24
Q
Granulocytes series
A
- Myeloblast
- Promyelocyte
- Myelocyte
- Metamyelocyte
- Band cells
- Granulocytes
25
Formation of lymphocytes (from bone marrow to lymphoid tissue)
Lymphocytopoiesis
26
Lymphocytopoiesis series
1. Hemocytoblast
2. Lymphoblast
3. Promyelocyte
4. Lymphocyte
27
Occurs only when the thymus and bursa Fabricius still exist, when not mitosis of the existing T and B cells occur in the secondary lymphoid organ
Lymphocytopoiesis
28
Process of platelet formation
Thrombocytopoiesis
29
Largest cell in the thrombocytopoiesis series that remains in the b.m., fragments of the nucleus pinched off to become the platelets.
Metamegakaryocyte
30
Thrombocytopoiesis series
1. Hemocytoblast
2. Megaryoblast
3. Promegaryocyte
4. Megakaryocyte
5. Metamegakaryocyte
6. Platelets
31
Ave life span in RBC and WBC
Equine - 45
Caprine - 125
32
What removes red blood cells?
Reticuloendothelial system (RES) in the spleen
33
Group of muscle cells or fibers composed of organelles and inclusions like any other cell
Muscle tissue
34
Name for the cell membrane in muscle tissue
Sarcolemma
35
Cytoplasm in the muscle tissue
Sarcoplasm
36
Prefix that means flesh
sarco
37
Three types of muscle
1. Smooth muscle
2. Skeletal muscle
3. Cardiac muscle
- ordinary cardiac muscle
- special cardiac muscle fiber
38
- Elongated and spindle-shaped cells with tapered ends
- Muscles are tightly packed to form sheet
- Staggered fashion
Smooth muscle
39
- Found in the lamina propia of the tunica mucosa and tinica mascularis of tubular organs
Smooth muscle
40
- Fibers are long and cylindrical with blunt ends
- multinucleated located peripherally
- special feature is the x-struations of the sarcoplasm
Skeletal muscle
41
- stratiations are the altering dark or A band and light or I band
- I band contains the fine/thin actin filaments
- A band contains thr thick myosin filaments and overlapping ends of actin = A band is dark
Skeletal muscle
42
A band has a narrow light area at the middle called ________because of the absent actin filament.
H band
43
I band is bisected by the dark middle dark line called
Z line
44
The unit structure of muscle contraction
Sarcomere
45
A group of myofilaments appear clumps of acidophilic dots
Field of cohnheim
46
- Has X - striations but functions like smooth muscle
- Multinucleated located at the center of elongated branched fiber
- Highly vascular; have intercaleted disc
Ordinary cardiac muscle
47
- Impulse conducting cells located from A-V node to IV septum
Special cardiac muscle fiber
48
Outer most covering of muscle
Epimysium
49
Covers bundle/fascicle of muscle
Perimysium
50
Covering of muscle fiber
Endomysium
51
Comprise the nervous system
Nervous tissue
52
Two types of cells in nervous tissue
1. Neuron
2. Neuroglia
53
Functional and anatomical unit structure of the nervous system
Neuron
54
Connective tissue cells that provide protection support and nourishment to the nervous system
Neuroglia
55
Parts of nervous tissue
1. Cell body
2. Cellular processes
56
Contain the nucleus and other cell organelles; it has cytoplasm with Nissl bodies (clumps of endoplasmic reticulum)
Cell body
57
Longest cellular process which maybe either myelinated or unmyelinated
Axon/ Nerve fiber
58
End bifurcates
Telodendria
59
Short cellular process which carries impulse towards the cell body; receives stimuli
Dendrites
60
Types of Neurons (as to structures)
1. Multipolar neuron
2. Bipolar neuron
3. Unipolar neuron
4. Pseudounipolar neuron
61
It has many dendrites and one neuron
Multipolar neuron
62
It has one dendrite and one axon. Found only in the eyes and ears
Bipolar neuron
63
It has only axon emanating from the cell body and no dendrite. The dendrites are found in the receptors and axon leads to the brain or spinal cord
Unipolar neuron
64
It has an axon that bifurcate at a distance from the cell body
Pseudounipolar neuron
65
Types of Neuron (as a function)
1. Interneuron
2. Motor neuron
3. Sensory neuron
66
Multipolar neurons which connect other neurons together such as sensory with motor neuron
Interneuron
67
Multipolar and innervates an effector such as muscle, gland, heart, etc.
Motor neuron
68
Unipolar, its single axon connects to dendrites at the peripheral end which receive stimuli from a receptor and then axons enter the central nervous system to connect to motor or interneuron
Sensory neuron
69
- Form myelin sheats around axons in the CNS
- One oligodendrocyte can form myelin sheats along more than one internode of more than one axon
- Have smaller cell bodies than astrocytes and relatively fewer processes leaving the cell body
Oligodendrocytes
70
- Star shape glial cell
- Provide physical support to neurons
- Provides nourishment to neurons
Astrocytes
71
- Main phagocytic cell and antigen-presenting cells in the nervous central nervous system
- Have the smallest cell bodies among the neuroglia
Microglia
72
- Columnar cells lining the fluid-filled cavities of the brain and spinal cord
- Play a role in production, transport, and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid
Ependymal cell
73
- Produce the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system, myelin sheat which protects and insulates axons
- maintains their micro-environment
- enables saltstory conduction
Schwann cell
74
-special type of connective tissue found anywhere even in the smallest tissue of the body
Blood
75
Circulate throughout the body
Peripheral blood
76
3 components of blood
Cell
Intercellular substance
Fluids
77
Straw colored and transparent fluid matrix with fibrin
Plasma
78
Also colored fluid removed of fibrin thru coagulation
Serum
79
- Not a cell in mammals but just fragment of large cells called metamegakaryocyte
Platelets/ thrombocytes
80
Bound, round to oval structure with a central basophilic zone called hyalomere
Platelets
81
Most numerous in fighting cocks
Platelets
82
- most nemerous in the blood
- biconcave disc; not nucleated
-rbc stain pink
Erythrocytes
83
In stagnant blood may stack one upon another called
Rouleaux formation
84
Hemoglobin + oxygen
Oxyhemoglobin
85
Granular white blood cells have granules in their cytoplasm nucleus maybe lobed or segmented
Leukocytes
86
- Most frequent encounter in a blood smear
- Nucleus vary from 3-5 lobes connected by a very fine strand of nucleoplasm
- Granules vary from purple, light pink to color less
- Granules are the lysosome
Neutrophils
87
Mature forms should appear in the peripheral circulation
Segmenters
88
Immature forms in the peripheral circulation is indicative of pathologic condition
Band neutrophils
89
- next number to neutrophils
- characterized by s bilobed N and pink to red granules
Eosinophils
90
- least encountered granulocyte
- increase in number in certain parasitic infection called Dirofilariasis or heartworm disease
- source of histamine and heparin
Basophils
91
Have no granules in their cytoplasm
Agranulocytes
92
- next to neutrophil in number
- round cells with round or indented nucleu occupying almostvsll the cytoplasm
Lymphocytes
93
Almost absent in blood smears because they are extra vascular
Large lymphocytes
94
- named after bursa of Fabricious in avian
- found in bone marrow and germinal centers of lymphatic and splenic nodules
B lymphocytes
95
- produced in the thymus, then populate the paracortical zone
- transform into cytotoxic cell, suppresor cell or memory cells
- long lived lympho are the memory cells
T lymphocytes
96
Named according to their specific actions
Lymphokines
97
Aggregate macrophages
Macrophage aggregating factor
98
Stimulates lymphocytes to divide
Mitogenic factor
99
Prevents replication of viruses
Interferon
100
- largest cells in the peripheral circulation
-kidney shaped nucleus
Monocytes
101
Oval cells with oval nuclei
Avian Erythrocytes
102
- True cells because they are nucleated
- most numerous in fighting cocks breeds
Avian Platelets
103
- counterpart of neutrophils in mammals
-rod shaped eosinophilic granules
Avian Heterophils
