Nervous system- Autonomic system

Question 1

What is branched off from the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 1

Autonomic (involuntary)

Somatic (voluntary)

Question 2

What is included within the autonomic?

Answer 2

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Question 3

What does the autonomic system have an effect on. Whys it involuntary?

Answer 3

Lungs, heart etc

Because it keeps us alive, something that has to happen without thinking

Question 4

What does somatic nervous system have an effect on. Whys it voluntary?

Answer 4

Skeletal muscle etc.

You have to think about it, doesnt happen naturally

Question 5

What is an afferent signal?

Answer 5

(sensory)
An ascending signal from our external components into nervous sytem which then sends signals to organs or muscles which is also known as the descending efferent motor signal

Question 6

What is the function of the Autonomic nervous system?

Answer 6

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS often work simultaneously in a reciprocal and complementary manner maintaining homeostasis

Question 7

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 7

Orchestrates the stress response and energy consumption associated with ‘fight or flight’ reactions, but also has very important ongoing activity

Question 8

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 8

Regulates many functions, some of which are restorative and energy conserving ‘rest and digest’

Question 9

How does the ANS maintain homeostasis in the skin?

Answer 9

Thermoregulation by controlling contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the vasculature

Question 10

How does the ANS maintain homeostasis in the liver/pancreas?

Answer 10

Metabolism of glucose and lipids

Question 11

How does the ANS maintain homeostasis in the lungs?

Answer 11

Ventilation to control partial pressures and pH

Question 12

How does the ANS maintain homeostasis in the heart and vasculature?

Answer 12

Blood pressure by contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the vasculature

Question 13

How does the ANS maintain homeostasis in the kidneys?

Answer 13

Fluid balance

Question 14

Homeostasis generally involves a negative feedback loop which has three parts. What are these three parts?

Answer 14

A sensor
A comparator/integrator
An effector

Question 15

Where are the sensors relayed to? And what happens after this?

Answer 15

CNS that acts as a comparator it compares it to how it should be and then the effector is chosen to what fits best

Question 16

What is included as a sensor?

Answer 16

• Central chemoreceptors- H+
• Peripheral chemoreceptors - O2, CO2, H+
• Pulmonary receptors- stretch
• Joint and muscle receptors- stretch, tension

Question 17

What is included as an effector?

Answer 17

Diaphragm
Respiration- external intercostals, accessory muscles
Expiration- internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

Question 18

Describe the anatomy of the ANS

Answer 18

neurons that drive the signals to the effectors from CNS from efferent pathways

Question 19

Where do the dendrites extending from the cell attach to?

Answer 19

Synapses, where they receive information

The neuron then extends into the axon hillock and then the myelin sheath

Question 20

What does the myelin sheath serve as?

Answer 20

protective layer that can speed up the process of the signals

Question 21

What do both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system have in common?

Answer 21

• Both have pre and post ganglionic fibres
• axons both stretch out of the CNS
• both pre are myleninated whereas the post are unmyelinated

Question 22

Why is the preganglionic fibre in the parasympathetic longer than in the sympathetic?

Answer 22

Stretches all the way to the organ/tissue its effecting on

Question 23

What is released from the preganglionic fibres into the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor?

Answer 23

Acetylcholine

Question 24

What is released from the postganglionic fibres into the muscarinic receptors? PNS

Answer 24

Acetylcholine

Question 25

Where is acetylcholine released into in the SNS?

Answer 25

Noradrenaline which binds to many adrenoreceptors

a1,a2,b1,b2

Question 26

Where are alpha and beta adrenoreceptors commonly seen?

Answer 26

Alpha - smooth muscle, vasculature

Beta- heart

Question 27

What does non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic transmission mean (NANC)

Answer 27

Sometimes transmission in ANS isnt caused by a result of noradrenaline or acetylcholine

Question 28

What is an intermediate and slow response NANC transmission in the PNS?

Answer 28

intermediate- Nitric oxide

slow- vasoactive intestinal peptide

Question 29

What is a rapid, intermediate and slow response NANC transmission in the SNS?

Answer 29

rapid- ATP
intermediate- noradrenaline
slow- neuropeptide Y

Question 30

Where would vasodilation and vasoconstriction occur in the PNS and SNS?

Answer 30

PNS- vasodilation

SNS- vasoconstriction

Question 31

What is the endogenous agonist of cholinoreceptors nicotinic/muscarininc?

Answer 31

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Question 32

Where are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located and what type of receptors are they?

Answer 32

Present in the ganglia

Ligand-gated ion channels

Question 33

Where are muscarinic acetylcholine receptors found and what type of receptors are they?

Answer 33

Present in the effector cells

G-protein-coupled receptors

Question 34

Noadrenaline and adrenaline are the endogenous agonists of a family of adrenoreceptors that are what type of receptors?

Answer 34

G-protein coupled receptors

Question 35

from most to least potent agonist, rank noradrenaline, adrenaline and isoprenaline for alpha and beta adrenoreceptors

Answer 35

alpha- noradrenaline>adrenaline>isoprenaline
beta-
isoprenaline>adrenaline>noradrenaline

Question 36

Pair whether para or sympathetic are from craniosacral or thoracolumbar origins

Answer 36

Sympathetic- thoracolumbar

Parasympathetic- craniosacral