Musculoskeletal Anatomy

Question 1

What is included within the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum

Question 2

What is included within the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 2

Appendages, bones of upper limb, bones of lower limb

Question 3

Name the parts of a long bone?

Answer 3

Diaphysis (shaft`0
Metaphysic (area between epiphysis and diaphysis)
Epiphysis (wider upper and lower ends)

Question 4

What are the two layers of the bone?

Answer 4

• compact bone (outer,surrounds marrow cavity)

- cancellous or trabecular bone (inner, consists of meshwork of thin bony “struts”

Question 5

How is compact bone arranged?

Answer 5

Osteons/haversian systems

Question 6

What is the name of the concentric layers of bone in an osteon?

Answer 6

Lamellae

Question 7

What does the Haversian canal within an osteon contain?

Answer 7

Blood vessels and nerves

Question 8

Between the lamellae are tiny spaces known as lacunae, what is within each lacuna?

Answer 8

An osteocyte (a living bone cell)

Question 9

What is the external of the bone called?

Answer 9

Periostem

Question 10

How are nutrients and oxygen passed through central vessels in the Haversian canal all the way to the osteocytes in the outermost concentric lamella?

Answer 10

Cytoplasmic processes which extend from their cell bodies, contained in tiny canals (canaliculi)

Question 11

As living tissue, bone has the ability to heal. In what order does a fracture heal?

Answer 11

Fracture -> Haematoma -> Cartilage -> Callus -> Bone Remodelling

Question 12

List the 4 components of the upper limb

Answer 12

Pectoral girdle, arm, forearm and hand

Question 13

List the 4 components of the lower limb

Answer 13

Pelvic girdle, thigh, leg, foot

Question 14

Name the different types of muscle and tendon classifications

Answer 14

Fusiform
Flat sheet
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate

Question 15

Between which two structures are tendons usually found?

Answer 15

Bone and muscle

Question 16

Which structure transfers force between bones and muscles in order to generate movement?

Answer 16

Tendons

Question 17

Between which two structures are ligaments normally found?

Answer 17

Bone and bone

Question 18

Which structure is generally stiff, inelastic and stabilises joints by limiting movement in specific directions?

Answer 18

Ligaments

Question 19

What structure has dense regular connective tissue and parallel collagen fibres + fibroblast nuclei?

Answer 19

Tendons

Question 20

What is the name for the insertion of tendon into a bone?

Answer 20

Enthesis

Question 21

What components are included in enthuses/

Answer 21

Parallel collagen fibres
Unmineralised fibrocartilage
Mineralised fibrocartilage
Cortical bone

Question 22

What type of joint is an elbow and what does this mean in terms of movement?
Also state where the ligaments are located

Answer 22

Synovial hinge joint

Joint can only flex and extend
Ligaments are on the medial and lateral side which prevent movement in other directions

Question 23

Name the types of ligaments located in the knee joint

Answer 23

• Medial collateral ligament
• Lateral collateral ligament
• Posterior cruciate ligament
• Anterior cruciate ligament

Question 24

What does the ligamentum flavum have that other ligaments don’t?
Where can it be found?

Answer 24

A high content of elastin fibres

In the intervertabral joints

Question 25

Name the types of ligaments in the intervertabral joints

Answer 25

Posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flavum