Musculoskeletal Anatomy Flashcards
What is included within the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum
What is included within the appendicular skeleton?
Appendages, bones of upper limb, bones of lower limb
Name the parts of a long bone?
Diaphysis (shaft`0
Metaphysic (area between epiphysis and diaphysis)
Epiphysis (wider upper and lower ends)
What are the two layers of the bone?
- compact bone (outer,surrounds marrow cavity)
- cancellous or trabecular bone (inner, consists of meshwork of thin bony “struts”
How is compact bone arranged?
Osteons/haversian systems
What is the name of the concentric layers of bone in an osteon?
Lamellae
What does the Haversian canal within an osteon contain?
Blood vessels and nerves
Between the lamellae are tiny spaces known as lacunae, what is within each lacuna?
An osteocyte (a living bone cell)
What is the external of the bone called?
Periostem
How are nutrients and oxygen passed through central vessels in the Haversian canal all the way to the osteocytes in the outermost concentric lamella?
Cytoplasmic processes which extend from their cell bodies, contained in tiny canals (canaliculi)
As living tissue, bone has the ability to heal. In what order does a fracture heal?
Fracture -> Haematoma -> Cartilage -> Callus -> Bone Remodelling
List the 4 components of the upper limb
Pectoral girdle, arm, forearm and hand
List the 4 components of the lower limb
Pelvic girdle, thigh, leg, foot
Name the different types of muscle and tendon classifications
Fusiform Flat sheet Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate
Between which two structures are tendons usually found?
Bone and muscle
Which structure transfers force between bones and muscles in order to generate movement?
Tendons
Between which two structures are ligaments normally found?
Bone and bone
Which structure is generally stiff, inelastic and stabilises joints by limiting movement in specific directions?
Ligaments
What structure has dense regular connective tissue and parallel collagen fibres + fibroblast nuclei?
Tendons
What is the name for the insertion of tendon into a bone?
Enthesis
What components are included in enthuses/
Parallel collagen fibres
Unmineralised fibrocartilage
Mineralised fibrocartilage
Cortical bone
What type of joint is an elbow and what does this mean in terms of movement?
Also state where the ligaments are located
Synovial hinge joint
Joint can only flex and extend
Ligaments are on the medial and lateral side which prevent movement in other directions
Name the types of ligaments located in the knee joint
- Medial collateral ligament
- Lateral collateral ligament
- Posterior cruciate ligament
- Anterior cruciate ligament
What does the ligamentum flavum have that other ligaments don’t?
Where can it be found?
A high content of elastin fibres
In the intervertabral joints
Name the types of ligaments in the intervertabral joints
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flavum
