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BGS GCSE Biology Unit 1 > Nervous system and Hormones > Flashcards

Nervous system and Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between the nervous and hormonal systems?

A

The nervous system sends messages quickly in the form of electrical impulses.
The hormonal system sends information in the form of chemicals in the blood to organs and this is much slower.

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2
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

a response our body makes because of a change in the environment

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3
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A structure which can detect a stimulus e.g. skin

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4
Q

Give 2 examples of effectors

A

Muscles and glands

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5
Q

What is an effector?

A

Responds to a stimulus

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6
Q

What is a neurone?

A

A single nerve cell

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7
Q

What is the pathway in which an electrical impulse travels through the nervous system?

A

stimulus –> receptor –> sensory neurone –> CNS –> Motor neurone –>Effector

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8
Q

What makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

Which part of the eye: is the protective outer coating?

A

Conjunctiva

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10
Q

Which part of the eye: refracts light onto the retina?

A

Lens

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11
Q

Which part of the eye: contains the light sensitive cells?

A

Retina

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12
Q

Which part of the eye: contains neurones that carry electrical impulses to the brain?

A

Optic nerve

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13
Q

Which part of the eye: helps to maintain the shape of the eye and keeps the retina against the wall of the eye

A

Vitreous humour

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14
Q

Which part of the eye: allows light to enter and most refraction of light occurs here?

A

Cornea

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15
Q

Which part of the eye: controls how much light enters?

A

Iris

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16
Q

What is accommodation?

A

When the lens changes shape to focus light onto the retina

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16
Q

Explain what happens in the eye when looking at a distant object

A

Ciliary muscles are relaxed, suspensory ligaments are taut and the lens is thinner

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17
Q

Explain what happens in the eye when looking at a near object

A

Ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments are slack and the lens is thicker

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18
Q

What is an adaptation of the axon in a neurone?

A

They are 1m long so that electrical impulses can be transmitted from the CNA to the extremities by one cell quickly

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19
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

It speeds up electrical impulses

20
Q

What is the function of the branches ends?

A

Allows the neurone to make junctions with other neurones

21
Q

What is the junction between 2 neurones called?

A

Synapse

22
Q

Explain what happens at a synapse

A

An electrical impulse travels down the neurone towards the end of the axon.
Vesicles contains transmitter substance move towards the gap.
The transmitter diffuses across the gap and attached to the receptors.
If enough the to the receptor then it triggers an electrical impulse In the next neurone

23
Q

What is a voluntary action?

A

Involves conscious thought i.e. involves the brain

24
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

This response does not involve conscious thought and so the information bypasses the brain. These reactions are much faster and protects the body from danger.

25
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

26
Q

What are hormones produced by?

A

Glands

27
Q

What hormone is produced by the pancreas to lower blood sugar levels?

A

Insulin

28
Q

What does insulin cause the liver to do in order to reduce blood glucose levels?

A

The liver converts glucose into glycogen. Glycogen is a storage molecule in animals

29
Q

What do muscles do with excess glucose?

A

Use it in respiration

30
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Is a homeostatic mechanism where the body detects a change and returns it to the normal level (set point)

31
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

The pancreas doesn’t produce insulin

32
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

A

Thirst, weight loss, fatigue, frequent urination

33
Q

What are the long term effects of diabetes if blood sugar levels are not managed?

A

Eye damage, heart disease, strokes and kidney damage

34
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

A

Insulin injections

35
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin is produced by the body has become resistant to it so it no longer works effectively

36
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes?

A

Poor diet, obesity and lack of exercise

37
Q

What are the 2 functions of the kidney?

A

Controls water levels (osmoregulation) and removes waste (excretion)

38
Q

How does the body gain water?

A

Drinking, eating and cells respiring

39
Q

How does the body lose water?

A

Urine, sweat, breathing and faeces

40
Q

What hormone controls water levels in the body?

A

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

41
Q

What does an increase of ADH hormone do to the kidney?

A

Signals to the kidney to reabsorb more water back into the blood. This causes a larger volume of dilute urine to be produce.

42
Q

What causes an increase in ADH production?

A

Sweating or exercising

43
Q

What causes a decrease in ADH production?

A

Drinking water

44
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Is the response of a plant to light

45
Q

Where is the hormone auxin produced?

A

Shoot tip

46
Q

What is the function of auxin?

A

It causes cell elongation

47
Q
A

BGS GCSE Biology Unit 1 (7 decks)

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