Nervous System: Anatomy Class 1 Flashcards
what are the 3 parts of the brain-stem ?
Mid brain
Pons
Medulla
Which ventricles lie within the brain-stem ?
Cerebral aqueduct, 3rd ventricle and 4th ventricle
What is the name of the groove that separates the pons and the medulla ?
Pontomedullary junction
which cranial nerves emerge from where the pons and medulla meet ?
VI
VII
VIII
What do the pyramid on the medulla contain ?
motor fibres
What is the decussation of the pyramids ?
Where the fibres cross
What structure does the “open” part of the medulla pass to become the spinal cord ?
IV Ventricle
Which foramen in the skull does the spinal cord pass through ?
The Foramen Magnum
What structure/s lie immediately superior to the mid-brain ?
Hypothalamus and thalamus: The diencephalon
What structure/s lie immediately inferior to the mid-brain ?
The Pons
What does the Diencephalon consist of ?
The thalamus and the hypothalamus
What is the name given to the midline structure which connects the two cerebellar hemispheres ?
Vermis
What connects the two cerebral hemispheres ? and what kind of fibres are found here ?
Corpus Callosum and commissursal fibres
What part of the brain is anatomically connected via peduncles?
The cerebellum
What is the ventricular space that lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum ?
IV Ventricle
What is the name of the cerebral fissure which separates the two hemispheres ?
The longitudinal fissure
In which lobe is the primary motor cortex found ?
Frontal lobe (area 4 Brodman’s area)
In which lobe is the primary visual cortex found ?
Occipital lobe (Brodman area 17)
In which area of the brain is the primary sensory cortex found ?
Parietal lobe
In which area of the brain is the primary auditory cortex found ?
Temporal lobe
At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in adults ?
L1/L2
At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end in new borns ?
L2/LL3
What happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord ?
When it reaches the conus medularis it extends as the filum terminale and eventually blends with the dura mater which will extend to the coccyx
At what vertebral level would you perform a lumbar puncture ?
L3/L4
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there ?
31
At what level doe the internal and external carotid arteries arise ?
C4
What is the carotid sinus and where is it found ?
The terminal part of the common carotid and it monitors blood flow to the head and brain
what cranial nerves are associated with the carotid sinus ?
Sensory nerves from the carotid sinus run in the glossopharyngeal and vagus nevre.
What is the carotid body and where is it found ?
An area of the terminal part of the common carotid and it contains chemo receptors which sense low oxygen levels
Which cranial nerve/s is associated with the carotid body ?
sensory nerves from the carotid body run in the Glossopharyngeal
What are the sympathetic motor nerves and where are they found ?
These nerves form a plexus around the internal carotid artery and enter the skull with the artery through the carotid canal and follow the the main branches of the internal carotid artery
Where does the superior opthalmic vein drain into ?
The cavernous sinus
What are emissary veins?
Veins that connect the cranial venous sinuses with the diploe of the skull which is continuous with the veins of the superficial fascia overlying the scalp
Where do the inferior petrosal sinus lie ?
Lie at the base of the brain and are connected to each other. The run alongside the petrous part of the temporal bone also.
What is the Pterion ?
It is an area of the skull where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid join just behind the temple
which important artery is found just below the pterion ?
Middle miningeal artery
Which artery is the MMA a branch of ? and which skull foramen does it use to enter the brain from this artery ?
External carotid -> Maxillary artery -> MMA and it enters through foramen spinosum
If the MMA is damaged what can this cause ?
Extradural haematoma
Which veins drain int the cavernous sinus ?
the superior and inferior opthalmic veins through the superior orbital fissure
Which nerves run through the cavernous sinus ?
III, IV, V (1&2) & VI
How does the cavernous sinus drain ?
Drains into the petrosal sinuses and ultimately into thre jugular vein
Which skull structures is the cavernous sinus closely related to ?
Sphenoid bone, pituitary gland and optic chiasm
Which arteries run through the cavernous sinus ?
Internal carotid arteries
What fluid circulates the subarachnoid space ?
CSF
What is the horizontal sheet of dura which is found in the brain ?
Tentorium cerebelli
What is the vertical sheet of dura which is found in the brain ?
Falx Cerebri
What bony structures does the falx cerebri attach anteriorly ?
The crista galli of the ethmoid bone and the frontal bone
What is the name of the fold that connects the horizontal and vertical sheets of dura within the brain ?
Falx Cerebelli
Which dural venous sinus runs within the upper border of the flax cerebri ?
Superior sagittal sinus
Which dural venous sinus runs along the lower border of the falx cerebri ?
Inferior sagittal sinus
Which venous sinus runs along the attachment if the two dural folds in the brain ?
Straight sinus
To what bony points does the anterior edge of the of the tentorium cerebelli attach to ?
surface of the occipital bone which is where the transverse sinus runs along connectting to the petrous part of the temporal bone which runs along side the petrosal sinuses
What is the fold of dura which is found around the pituitary stalk ?
Diaphragm Sallae
Define a cerebral ventricle
Interconnected spaces/cavities that lie within the brain
From which embryological structures are cerebral ventrciles formed from ?
Ependymal cells
What are the names give to the specialized structures that lie in the ventricles and generate CSF ?
Choroid plexus
How is the CSF reabsorbed ?
Arachnoid granulations
What are association fibres?
Fibres which connect areas within the same cerebral hemisphere
What are commissural fibres?
Fibres which connect 2 hemispheres of the brain i.e. corpus callosum
What are projection fibres?
Fibres which unite the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and spinal cords
