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Biology 2 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the structure of a neuron**

A

dendrite that receives the signal
cell body(soma) that contains the nucleus
axon hillock where the action potential starts
axon is the conducting fibre

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2
Q

what does myelin do for the axon

A

increases the rate of transmission by insulating the electrical impulse

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3
Q

grey vs white matter

A

grey = cell bodies

white - myelinated axons

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4
Q

how is myelin made

A

Schwann cells in the PNS

oligodendrocytes in the CNS

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5
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

action potential jumps from one node of ranvier to another to speed up the signal in a myelinated axon

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6
Q

how is the resting potential generated in a neuron

A

Na/K pump moves 3 Na out of the cell and 2 K in
inside becomes more negative and outside more positive
the rate Na passively diffuses back into the cell increases until it equals the rate its pumped out, K diffuses out of cell due to concentration gradient until it equals the force of the electrochemical gradient (wants to come in because inside is - charge)
when rates reach equilibrium a relative excess negative charge becomes present inside the membrane compared to outside

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7
Q

why can the equilibrium potential of K be used to approximate the resting potential of a neuron

A

at rest neuron is much more permeable to K
K is leaking out so positive charge is escaping
about -60-70 in the cell

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8
Q

how can the Nernst equation be used to calculate the resting potential of a neuron

A

take the negative ln of the ratio of Kintracellular/Kextracellular

so if intracellular>extra the ln will be positive so the answer is a negative membrane potential
and if extra>intra the ln will be negative so the answer is positive

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9
Q

where would electrical synapses be found

A

these are fast so would be in cardiac and visceral smooth muscle

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10
Q

how do chemical synapses use neurotransmitters to initiate a new action potential in a different cell*****

A
  1. small vesicles filled with neurotransmitter rest inside the presynaptic membrane of the synaptic knob
  2. when action potential arrives Ca voltage gated channels open allowing Ca influx
  3. influx causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis
  4. neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft by Brownian motion and attaches to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron
  5. post synaptic neuron becomes permeable to ions which move in to generate a new action potential
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11
Q

depolarization of a action potential

A

voltage gated channels open at a certain voltage

voltage gated sodium channels allow Na to flow into the cell making it more positive

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12
Q

how do local anesthetics work

A

block voltage gated Na channels on primarily pain neurone because they have small axonal diameters with little myelin

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13
Q

what happens at threshold potential -50

A

even more Na can enter through positive feedback mechanism
the action potential propagates along the membrane by depolarizing adjacent sections
cell becomes +50

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14
Q

depolarization of the action potential

A

K flows out of the cell increasing the negativity in the cell

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15
Q

hyper polarization of the action potential

A

K channels are slow to close and the the inside of the cell becomes more negative than the resting potential and prevents the immediate initiation of a new action potential

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16
Q

summation is the process in which most important stimuli get screened and acted upon, what are the 2 types

A

spatial: multiple dendrites receive input at the same time and those are summed up
temporal: single dendrite receives many signals and these inputs are summed up

17
Q

what are glial cells

A

cells that support the nervous system
not involved in transmitting signals
outnumber neurons big tiime

18
Q

what are the 6 glial cells you must know

A

ependymal cells - epithelial cells which line space containing CSF
astrocytes - star shape, physical support for neurons in CNS
oligodendrocytes - create myelin in CNS
microglia - like macrophages of the CNS
satellite cells - support ganglia in PNS
Schwann cells - make myelin in PNS

19
Q

CNS consists of

A

brain and spinal cord

20
Q

what are afferent neurons

A

sensory , come in from periphery

21
Q

what are the 5 types of sensory neurons

A 
mechanoreceptors - touch
thermoreceptors - temperature
nociceptors - pain
electromagnetic receptor - light
chemoreceptors - taste, smell
22
Q

interneurons are the most prevalent neurons what do they do

A

transfer signals from neuron to neuron

23
Q

what are efferent neurons

A

motor

carry signal from CNS to the effector

24
Q

sensory vs motor neuron location

A

sensory - dorsal from the spinal cord

motor - ventral from the spinal cord

25
Q

3 components of the brain stem

A

midbrain - auditory and visual
pons - transfer motor info from pre motor cortex to cerebellum
medulla - regulate cardiovascular, respiratory, blood pressure**

26
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

coordinates and plans movement

receives sensory motor and vestibular input

27
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system and the 2 components

A

responsible for sensory and motor functions
somatic system - innervates skeletal muscle , can process sensory info and controls all voluntary muscle systems. also reflex actions
autonomic system - involuntary and affects the smooth muscle, cardiac, and glands

28
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system work

A

preganglionic neurons emerge from thoracic and lumber regions of spinal cord and use Ach
postganglionic use norepinephrine when they synapse on their effectors
preganglionic are shorter than postgang

29
Q

how does the parasympathetic nervous system work

A

both preganglionic and post use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter
long preganglion short post

30
Q

what are the 2 types of photoreceptors in the eye

A

rods - light

cones - color

31
Q

what is the only sense that isn’t regulated through the thalamus

A

smell

32
Q

how does the middle ear transmit sound

A

level system of malleus, incus, and stapes translates the sound wave to the oval window of the cochlea

33
Q

what does the cochlea in the inner ear do

A

detects sound

34
Q

what so the semicircular canals of the ear do

A

detect orientation and movement of the head

35
Q

what type of receptors does the skin have

A

somatic - for external environment
proprioceptive - sense relative position of neighbouring parts of the body
nociceptive - pain

36
Q

What does the thalamus do

A

Control centre or weigh station
Processes sensory info before it reaches higher cortical centres
Receives motor demands from cortical areas on the way to the spinal cord

37
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A

Regulates body’s basic physiological needs by maintaining homeostasis

Biology 2 (10 decks)

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