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Biology 2 > Muscles and Skin > Flashcards

Muscles and Skin Flashcards

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1
Q

what are myofilaments composed of and what are they used for

A

thick filaments myosin
thin filaments actin
muscle contraction

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2
Q

what are red fibres vs white in muscle

A

red - slow twitch fibres that contain lots of myoglobin and mitochondria to make ATP through oxidative bc they have energy over long term
white - slow twitch fibres for quick short sprint relies on anaerobic metabolism and then lactic acid fermentation so less mitochondria and myoglobin

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3
Q

why does smooth muscle not appear striated

A

doesn’t contain sarcomeres

has loose myosin and actin for muscle contraction

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4
Q

uninucleate muscles vs multinucleate

A

uni - smooth muscle , cardiac (does have some multi)

multi - skeletal

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5
Q

how does cardiac muscle contract in sync

A

connected by intercalated discs with gap junctions

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6
Q

what determines the pace of heart rate

A

SA node

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7
Q

which muscles are striated

A

skeletal and cardiac

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8
Q

what do the sarcoplasmic reticulum do

A

store Ca in muscle cells

think of sacro like interior of muscle cell components

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9
Q

how does the sliding filament theory work

A

actin are attached to the z line and slide over myosin

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10
Q

what is the H zone

A

only myosin filament with no actin overlap

think H is a thick letter

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11
Q

what is the I band

A

only actin filaments with no myosin overlap

think I is a thin letter

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12
Q

what is the A band

A

the entire length of the myosin

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13
Q

what is the M line

A

the middle of the sarcomere where cross linking occurs

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14
Q

what happens to all the bands in muscle contraction

A

Z and M line gets closer to each other
H and I zones shrink
they all get smaller except A line stays the same

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15
Q

how does the cross bridge contraction work

A

1 - ATP binds to myosin head causing conformational change and release of actin
2 - ATP hydrolyses to release energy and move myosin away from actin
3 - myosin binds actin upstream to pull the actin over myosin
4 - repeat

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16
Q

why is calcium required for muscle contraction

A

to associate with troponin which moves tropomyosin out myosin binding sites on actin so myosin can bind

17
Q

what causes release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Ach released from the NMJ of a motor neuron causes depolarization in the sarcolemma

18
Q

what is similar between the epidermis and hair

A

they are far from the nutrient supply so the cells die and become keratinized

19
Q

what type of cells are in the epidermis

A

melanocytes - pigment
langerhan - dendritic
merkel - mechanorecptors

20
Q

what is contained in the dermis

how does this contribute to the function of skin

A 
mechanoreceptors 
hair follicle
blood
sweat glands
thermoregulation (piloerection)
21
Q

what is in the hypodermis

how does this contribute to the function of skin

A

fat
macrophages
first line of defence, keeps us warm

22
Q

order the layers of skin

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

23
Q

ligaments vs tendon

A

ligament connect bone to bone “like to like”

tendon muscle to bone

24
Q

where can cartridge be found

A 
joints
nose
ribs
spine
lungs
25
Q

what is cartridge made of

A

chondrocytes which are cells that make up collagen
think of the face creams with collagen
firm but flexible

26
Q

what type of joints are at the wrist

A

saddle and condyloid

27
Q

synovial vs fibroid joint

A

synovial is freely movable not actually connected bone on bone
fibroid is stuck together like in the skull

28
Q

what is hydroxyapatite

A

storage for calcium and phosphate in the bone

29
Q

difference between osteoblast and osteoclast

A

clast break down bone when low blood Ca

blast build bone when blood ca high for storage

30
Q

what does parathyroid hormone do

A

increase blood Ca

31
Q

what is calcitriol

A

vit D analog that works to increase blood Ca through dietary absorption and osteoclast

32
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

inhibit osteoclast and Ca absorption to decrease blood Ca

33
Q

what is contained within compact bone

A

osteon which is a ring that the haversian canal is in the middle for blood and nerve supply
osteocytes in lacuna for communication

34
Q

what is in spongy bone

A

bone marrow

blood vessels

35
Q

what does red marrow do

A

produce red blood cells

36
Q

what does yellow marrow do

A

storage for adipocytes

37
Q

what happens if new ATP does not attach to a myosin head

A

the muscle remains contracted

38
Q

what happens when someone is poisoned with an achetylcholinesterase inhibitor

A

paralysis

Biology 2 (10 decks)

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