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Biology 2 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a peptide hormone

A

Made from amino acids
Act on effector cell membrane receptors and initiate internal secondary messenger cascades
*water soluble in the blood

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2
Q

How are peptide hormones made

A

Synthesized in the RER as preprohormones which are cleaved into prohormones and move to Golgi apparatus for modification into peptide hormones
Packed in secretory vesicles for release via exocytosis

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3
Q

What are steroid hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol in the smooth ER and mitochondria

Insoluble in water so require proteins for transport in the blood

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4
Q

How do steroid hormones have an effect on gene expression

A

Bind to protein to move through blood stream then they cross the cell membrane of the effector cell and bind to a receptor in the cytosol
The cytosol is receptor and the steroid complex move into the nucleus and influence gene expression

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5
Q

Compare peptide to steroid hormones

A

Peptide are fast acting short lived, water soluble

Steroid are slow acting long lived, non water soluble

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6
Q

What are tyrosine derivative hormones

A

Lipid soluble hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties

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7
Q

How do tyrosine derivative hormones work

A

One type is like steroid hormones

The catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine are like peptide hormones

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8
Q

Tropic vs direct peptide hormone

A

Tropic has another gland as its target

Direct has an organ as its target

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9
Q

How do hormones go from the hypothalamus to the pituitary

A

To the anterior pituitary vis the blood stream - hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system
To the posterior pituitary via nerve axons

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10
Q

What are the 2 direct peptide hormones that neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus synthesis

A

Vasopressin

Oxytocin

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11
Q

Which hormones does the posterior pituitary synthesize

A

It doesnt! It only stores hormones oxytocin and vasopressin

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12
Q

What does vasopressin (ADH) do

A

Increased water reabsorption in the kidney tubules

Makes you not pee

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13
Q

What inhibits ADH

A

Caffeine and alcohol

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14
Q

What does oxytocin do

A

Secreted during child birth for uterine contractions

Stimulates milk secretion

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15
Q

What is somatostatin

A

Tropic peptide hormone made in hypothalamus that inhibits the release of GH and TSH

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16
Q

Which hormones does the anterior pituitary synthesize and release

A 
FLAT PEG
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
PRL
Endorphins
GH
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17
Q

Describe how growth hormone works

A

GHRH growth hormone releasing hormone made in the hypothalamus stimulates GH release which stimulates all cells for growth
releasing = tropic

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18
Q

Describe how adrenocorticotropic hormone works

A

Stimulated by CRH from hypothalamus
It works as tropic peptide hormones to stimulate the adrenal cortex to synthesis and secrete glucocorticoids during stress

19
Q

How does thyroid stimulating hormone work

A

Stimulated for release by TRH from hypothalamus
Acts as tropic peptide hormone and stimulates thyroid glad to increase in size, absorb iodine and synthesize thyroid hormone

20
Q

How does a lack of iodine effect the thyroid feedback loop

A

If no iodine , insufficient T3 and T4 will be produced so there will be no inhibition of TRH and the thyroid will continue to grow resulting in goiter

21
Q

How is the release of luteinizing hormone stimulated

A

Estrogen stimulates GnRH gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus to release LH
Estrogen and progesterone of the corpus luteum inhibits the release of GnRH

22
Q

What is the function of LH

A

Tropic peptide hormone
In females - stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
Males - stimulates testes to synthesize testosterone

23
Q

How is FSH regulated

A

Stimulated by GnRH which is stimulated by estrogen

Inhibited by estrogen and progesterone of corpus luteum

24
Q

What is the function of FSH

A

Tropic peptide
Females- maturation of the ovarian follicles
Males - maturation of the seminiferous tubules for sperm production

25
Q

How does prolactin work

A

Stimulated by TRH or by inhibiting dopamine

Direct peptide hormone promotes lactation in the breasts ***not secretion that’s oxytocin

26
Q

What do endorphins do

A

Direct peptide hormones that inhibit the perception of pain

27
Q

Which hormones of the anterior pituitary are direct acting q

A

Growth hormone
Prolactin
Endorphins

28
Q

PNS innervates every gland in the body but

A

Sweat glands

29
Q

What does the adrenal cortex do

A

Responds to ACTH and synthesizes corticosteroids

30
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do

A

Secretory cells secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine as part of the SNS
These are tyrosine derivative hormones

31
Q

What are the 3 functions of corticosteroids of the adrenal cortex

A

Salt - mineralocorticoids - aldosterone (increase BP)
Sex - cortical sex hormones - androgens
Sugar - glucocorticoids - cortisol (increase blood glucose)

32
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone in the RAAS

A

Increases NaCl reabsorption and K H secretion resulting in an increase in blood volume and pressure

33
Q

How does the RAAS work

A

Blood volume decreases kidneys produce renin
Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 which is converted to angiotensin 2 by ACE
Angiotensin 2 stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

34
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce

A

T4 T3 and calcitonin

35
Q

What type of hormone are T3/4

A

Lipid soluble tyrosine derivatives that influence gene expression to increase basal metabolic rate

36
Q

Describe calcitonin

A

Large peptide hormone released by the thyroid

Tones down blood calcium

37
Q

Describe parathyroid hormone

A

Released by the parathyroid

Peptide hormone that increases blood calcium bu stimulating release from bone osteoclasts

38
Q

The pancreas is an endocrine and exocrine gland what do they each do

A

Endocrine - secret their hormone products directly in the blood
Exocrine - secrete their products into ducts that lead into the external environment

39
Q

Pancreas functions an endocrine gland by releasing peptide hormones into the blood, this function is performed by

A

Glandular structures called islets of langerhans which are composed of alpha beta and delta cells

40
Q

What are the hormones of the pancreas and their functions

A

Glucagon - increases blood glucose
Insulin - decreases blood glucose
Pancreatic somatostatin - inhibitory , decreased insulin and glucagon secretion

41
Q

Tool for remembering which islets of langerhan cells the pancreatic hormones come from

A

BAD PIGS
Beta - insulin
Alpha - glucagon
Delta - somatostatin

42
Q

What is the pathway of sperm

A

Seminiferous tubules — epididymis — vas deferens — ejaculatory duct — urethra — penis
SEVEN UP

43
Q

Describe the process of sperm cell formation

A

Spermatogonium 2n undergoes mitosis
Primary spermatocytes 2n undergo meiosis
Secondary spermatocytes n undergo meiosis
Spermatids n differ and mature into sperm cells

44
Q

What happens during spermiogenesis

A

Phenotypic change from a round spermatid to a elongated sperm with a tail *no change in chromosomal complement

Biology 2 (10 decks)

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