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Anatomy - IMMS > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomically the nervous system is divided into…

A

Central nervous system - consisting of the brain and spinal chord
Peripheral nervous system - consisting of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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2
Q

Functionally the nervous system is divided into…

A

Somatic nervous system - controls voluntary activities.
“Motor” control of skeletons and “sensations”

Autonomic nervous system - controls involuntary activities
“Motor” control of the glands, blood vessels, heart
“Sensory” blood pressure, C02 in blood etc

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3
Q

Autonomic nervous system is further divided into…

A

Sympathetic pathway - prepares for the body emergencies - Fight or flight

Parasympathetic pathway - creates a state of rest and digest

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4
Q

What are the main parts of the brain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Cerebellum
Brainstem - midbrain, pons and medulla

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5
Q

What lobes make up the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal

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6
Q

What are Gyri and sulci?

A

Gyri are folds of the cerebral hemisphere

The gyri and separated by valleys know as sulci

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7
Q

The central sulcus

A

It divides the frontal and parietal lobe.
In front is a gyrus that controls muscle of the opposite side of the body (the motor cortex)
Behind is the sensory gyrus again controlling the opposite side of the body.

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8
Q

Grey matter and white matter of the brain

A

Grey matter is made up of cell bodies and is on the outside of the cerebral hemispheres and is where the thinking takes place.

The white matter is made up of nerve cells and is white due to the myelin sheath.
Found deeper into the brain.

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9
Q

Brainstem function

A

Transmits signals from the body to the brain (sensory) and from the brain to the body (motor)

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination

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11
Q

Meninges location and function?

A

Found between the skull and the brain.

  1. To protect brain
  2. Provides framework for the blood supply
  3. Enclose the fluid filled subarachnoid space
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12
Q

What are the three meninges layers?

A
  1. The Dura - outer
  2. Arachnoid - deep of the dura
  3. Pia - deepest - on surface of brain - gives it its shiny appearance
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13
Q

The subarachnoid space

A

Found between the arachnoid and pia matter
Found in healthy individuals and filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Other spaces are not shown in the absconded of pathology.

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14
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid = CSF

Job?

A

CSF is a clear fluid which provides nutrients to the brain and helps maintain balance of extracellular fluid.
It also protects the brain - stopping compression.
It is provided by tissue called choroid plexus.

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15
Q

What are the four interconnected ventricles and where are they found?

A 
Right and left lateral ventricles (lie within the cerebral hemispheres)
Third ventricle (in midbrain)
Fourth ventricles (behind pons and medulla and in front of the cerebellum)
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16
Q

How does CSF fluid flow?

A

From the lateral ventricles — 3rd ventricle — cerebral aqueduct — 4th ventricle — subarachnoid space.

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17
Q

How is the brain supplied with blood?

A

4 major blood vessels - two internal carotid arteries and two vertebral arteries.
At the base of the brain these arteries form a ring known as the Circle of Willis (made up of 6 major branches).

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18
Q

Learn the Circle of Willis diagram:

A

Good luck

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19
Q

Job of the middle cerebral artery?

A

It is the middle cerebral artery that supplies most of the motor and sensory cortex - a blood clot here would lead to part of the brain to infarct and the patient may have a stroke.

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20
Q

The cranial nerves:

A

I Olfactory - smell - cover nostrils
II Optic - sight - test eye sight
III Oculomotor - motor of the eye - H test
IV Trochlear - motor of the eye - H test
V Trigeminal - sensory of the face and motor for chewing - note tri = 3 branches
VI Abducens - lateral movement of the eye - H test
VII Facial - sensory taste, motor of facial expression, autonomic salivary glands
VIII Vestibulocochlear - sensory balance and hearing - whisper
IX Glossopharyngeal - sensory from younger and pharynx
X Vagus - autonomic motor/ sensory to thoracic and abdominal organs
XI Acessory - motor for head, shoulders, pharynx and larynx - turn neck and shoulder
XII Hypoglossal - motor to tongue - tongue movement against cheek

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21
Q

Dorsal root fibres

Ventral root fibres

A

The dorsal root fibres are nerves entering the spinal chord - sensory
The ventral root fibres are nerves leaving the spinal chord - hence motor.

The fibres join to form a … root which passes through between the vertebrae.
The roots join together at the inter-vertebral foramen to form a spinal nerve.

22
Q

Spinal cord segment

A

Area of the spinal chord from which a pair of nerves emerges

12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal

23
Q

The intervertebral foramen

A

It is an opening between 2 vertebrae

24
Q

Dermatones

A

Are an area of skin that receives a sensory neutron supply from a signal root of the spinal chord.

  1. Clavicle - C4
  2. Nipples - T5
  3. Umbilicus - T10
  4. Inguinal region - T12
  5. Middle finger - C7
  6. Patella - L3
  7. Big toe - S1
  8. Fifth toe - S1
  9. Perianal - S5
25
Q

Myotomes

A

A myotome is a group of muscles supplied by the same spinal root.

To access the motor function of a nerve the patient is asked to preform the movement of a relevant group of muscles.

26
Q

Plexus

A

Is the mixing of spinal nerves to supply a certain peripheral area

27
Q

The Brachial plexus

A

Made up of:
C5-C8 and also T1
Peripheral nerves contain a number of different spinal nerves.

28
Q

Where does the parasympathetic system and sympathetic nervous system emerge from?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system = Cranial nerves (oculomotor, facial, vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve)

Sympathetic = spinal chord (T & L)

29
Q

For the routes of the para and sympathetic nervous systems see the booklet

A

The Booklet

30
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Space outside dura, doesn’t exist in absence of pathology.

31
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

Space between the dura and the arachnoid, doesn’t exist with absence of pathology.

32
Q

Bleeding in the outside of the brain.

A

Subdural hematoma- between the dura and arachnoid layers - 1 side and shifts midline.

Subarachnoid haemorrhage bleeding between pia and arachnoid layer - bleed on both sides.

Epidural hematoma is a bleed between the dura matter and the skull - 1 side and shifts midline.

33
Q

What produces the CSF?

A

The CSF is produced by the choroid plexus which can be found in the two lateral ventricles, and in the roof of the third and fourth ventricles.

34
Q

What blood vessels supply the cerebrum?

A

Anterior cerebrum artery
Middle cerebrum artery
Posterior cerebrum artery

Each blood vessels supplies a different part of the cerebrum
Middle - responsible for arms and face and a blood clot here will causes a stroke effecting these.

Anterior - responsible for legs

Posterior - responsible for vision

35
Q

What blood vessels supply the cerebellum?

A

Superior cerebellar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

36
Q

Difference between a embolic stroke and a haemorrhagic stroke?

A 
Embolic = stroke cause by a blockage in a blood vessel (more common)
Haemorrhagic = stroke caused by a bleed in the brain
37
Q

Which cranial nerves are only motor?

Only Sensory?

A 
Motor = III, IV, VI, XI, XII
Sensory = I, II, VIII
38
Q

What is a plexus and give 3 examples…

A

A plexus is a network of intersecting nerves that serve the same part of the body.
E.g. Brachial, Cervical and Lumbar

39
Q

What is the lesion of a nerve?

A

An area of abnormal tissue

40
Q

Which nerves are responsible for the parasympathetic pathway?

A

4 cranial nerves - III, VII, IX, X
3 sacral nerves - S2, S3, S4
They synapse close to the organ and therefore are said to have long pre ganglionic nerve fibres.

41
Q

What nerves make up the sympathetic nervous system?

A

T1 — L2

They have short pre ganglionic nerve fibres and long post ganglionic nerve fibres.

42
Q

Hilum definition?

A

Where blood vessels enter and leave an organ.

43
Q

How to study an X-ray?

A

Study the bony landmarks for fractures.
Follow the lung markings to the thoracic wall, is there any evidence of pneumothorax?
Is there any shadowing in the lungs - may indicate pathology.

44
Q

What is the costophrenic angle?

A

The costophrenic angles are the places where the diaphragm meets the ribs. Each costophrenic angle can normally be seen as on chest x-ray as a sharply-pointed, downward indentation.

45
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

A pneumothorax a collapsed lung. A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. Pneumothorax can be a complete lung collapse or a collapse of only a portion of the lung.

46
Q

Heart failure is usually categorised into:

A

Left Ventricular failure
Right ventricular failure
Biventricular failure

47
Q

Failure of the heart valves…

A
  1. A valve that becomes narrowed and restricts the amount of blood passing through.
  2. A valve that is leaky and allows blood to flow back into the chamber is what pumped out.
48
Q

Heart failure can also happen due to increased demands on the heart to circulate blood…

A

Anaemia - needs to circulate more blood due to low Hb levels
Pregnancy - increased demands from the body.
High blood pressure - heart is having t pump at a higher pressure.

These case the heart to increase in size and the heart will start to not contract effectively.

49
Q

The heart can also fail due to damage of the heart muscle e.g….

A

Coronary artery disease - insufficient blood reaching the heart muscle causes the muscle to die — a heart attack.

Cardiomyopathy - the muscle itself is diseased.

50
Q

In heart failure the blood is not pumped out efficiently leading to a back log of blood. What does this cause?

A

For the right ventricle the back-log develops in bodily tissue - leading to swelling of the legs and prominent veins in the back of their neck.

For the left ventricle the back-log develops in the lungs leading to breathlessness.

Anatomy - IMMS (7 decks)

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