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Midwifery Year 1 MCQ > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system can be divided into which two sub-divisions?

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

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2
Q

The peripheral nervous system is comprised of tissues lying outside the CNS. How many pairs of cranial nerves and spinal nerves does this include?

A

It includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

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3
Q

The peripheral nervous system can be further subdivided into what?

A

The sensory division and motor division.

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4
Q

The sensory and motor divisions of the PNS are subdivided further into what?

A

The somatic and visceral divisions.

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5
Q

The visceral division of the motor division of the PNS gives way to what?

A

The autonomic nervous system.

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6
Q

The autonomic system has two branches. What are they?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic branch.

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7
Q

The sympathetic branch of the ANS is responsible for what response?

A

The fight or flight response via the release of noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla.

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8
Q

The parasympathetic branch of the ANS is responsible for what response?

A

The rest and digest response via the release of acetylcholine.

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9
Q

What is the functional unit of the brain?

A

The neuron.

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10
Q

What are nerves?

A

Many neurons collected into bundles.

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11
Q

Nerves are enclosed by which three layers?

A

The endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium.

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12
Q

Which nerve fibres supply the sensory division of the PNS and carry information to the CNS from receptors?

A

Afferent nerve fibres.

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13
Q

Which nerve fibres supply the motor division of the PNS and carry information from the CNS to effectors?

A

Efferent nerve fibres.

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14
Q

What is the term for the cell body of a neuron?

A

Soma (ganglia when in the PNS).

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15
Q

What does the soma of a neuron do?

A

It contains the nucleus and other organelles.

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16
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

The ‘brain’ of the cell.

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17
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Thin appendages that increase the receptive surface area of a neuron.

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18
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

A fatty layer that wraps round the axon of a neuron in several layers.

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19
Q

What is the myelin sheath composed of?

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

A

To insulate and protect the axon, and speed up electrical transmission.

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21
Q

What is the Node of Ranvier?

A

The gap in between Schwann cells of the myelin sheath.

22
Q

What is the synaptic end bulb?

A

The terminal point of one neuron from which point an impulse is transmitted across the synapse to the following neuron or structure.

23
Q

What is neurilemma?

A

The plasma outer membrane of Schwann cells.

24
Q

Neurons within the CNS are embedded in what?

A

Neuroglia.

25
Q

Neuroglia is composed of which three types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia.

26
Q

What are the role of astrocytes?

A

They form the main supporting tissue of the CNS, and provide an extra layer in the ‘blood-brain barrier’, protecting the nervous tissue from damaging chemicals in the blood.

27
Q

What is microglia?

A

Phagocytic cells involves in the defence and repair of nerve tissue.

28
Q

What is the ‘blood-brain barrier’?

A

A semi-permeable barrier allowing selective exchange of materials between the blood and brain.

29
Q

Which substances can easily cross the ‘blood-brain barrier’?

A

Lipid soluble substances (e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol and anaesthetic drugs).

30
Q

How do some water soluble molecules (such as glucose) cross the ‘blood-brain barrier’?

A

By active transport.

31
Q

What is the charge of the resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV

32
Q

When a neuron has a negative membrane potential, it is said to be what?

A

Polarised.

33
Q

What do sodium-potassium pumps do on neurons?

A

They maintain the electrochemical gradient; for every 2 K+ ions it allows into the cell, it pumps out 3 Na+ ions, maintaining an intracellular charge that is lower than the extra-cellular fluid.

34
Q

What three other ion channels can exist along the membrane of the neurons?

A

Voltage-gated channels, ligand-gated channels and mechanically-gated channels.

35
Q

Describe the action of voltage-gated channels.

A

Voltage-gated channels will open and close in response to the membrane potential. Sodium channels in neurons open at -50mV.

36
Q

Describe the action of ligand-gated channels.

A

Ligand-gate channels will open and close in response to specific neurotransmitters latching onto their receptors.

37
Q

Describe the action of mechanically-gated channels.

A

Mechanically-gated channels will open and close in response to physical stretching of the membrane.

38
Q

What is the resting state of a neuron?

A

When all ion channels are closed and the membrane potential is -70mV.

39
Q

What is the minimum threshold needed to be reached by an environmental stimulus in order to create an action potential?

A

-55mV.

40
Q

What happens when the threshold (-55mV) is crossed?

A

Voltage-gated channels open, allowing Na+ ions in, causing brief depolarisation of the cell membrane.

41
Q

When is an action potential created?

A

When the cell’s membrane is depolarised at +40mV.

42
Q

How does repolarisation occur?

A

Voltage-gated potassium channels open up, allowing K+ ions to flow out and rebalance the charges.

43
Q

What is hyperpolarisation?

A

When the voltage drops to -75mV, closing all ion channels and allowing the sodium-potassium pump to return the membrane to resting level.

44
Q

What is a plexus?

A

A plexus is collection of spinal nerves from several areas of the spinal cord, which join together and are rearranged before proceeding to the area of the body that they supply.

45
Q

Which is the most relevant plexus to midwifery?

A

The sacral plexus, as it supplies the pelvic floor, hip joints, pelvic organs, legs and feet.

46
Q

What are the three layers of tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord called?

A

The meninges.

47
Q

What are the three meninges?

A

The dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater.

48
Q

What space lies between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater?

A

The subdural space.

49
Q

What space lies between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater?

A

The subarachnoid space.

50
Q

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid.

51
Q

What is grey matter?

A

A collection of somas.

52
Q

What is white matter?

A

A collection of axons surrounded by the myelin sheath.

Midwifery Year 1 MCQ (10 decks)

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