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Midwifery Year 1 MCQ > Infant Feeding > Flashcards

Infant Feeding Flashcards

1
Q

Define infant feeding.

A

The means of meeting the nutritional needs of an infant using breast milk, artificial milk or solid food.

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2
Q

How long does WHO recommend women exclusively breastfeed their babies?

A

They recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life.

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3
Q

How long does WHO recommend supplemented breastfeeding?

A

They recommend supplemented breastfeeding until at least two years of life, ideally longer.

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4
Q

List 10 infant health benefits of breastfeeding.

A

(Any 10 of the following) It reduces the risk of: diabetes, obesity, childhood cancer, Crohn’s disease, colitis, cardiovascular disease, necrotising enterocolitis, multiple sclerosis, otitis media, tooth decay, chest infections, gastroenteritis, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.

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5
Q

Which four maternal cancers can breastfeeding help to reduce the risk of developing?

A

Breast, uterine, endometrial and ovarian cancer.

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6
Q

According to the Lancet, for each year of breastfeeding, a woman’s chance of developing invasive breast cancer decreases by what percentage?

A

6%.

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7
Q

Breastfeeding reduces a woman’s likelihood of developing osteoporosis: true or false?

A

True.

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8
Q

How effective is exclusive breastfeeding (up until 6 months, including at least one feed at night) as a method of contraception?

A

98%.

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9
Q

According to Mason, et al., (2013), what percentage of newborn deaths could be prevented if breastfeeding occurred within an hour of birth?

A

22%.

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10
Q

What does CHINS stand for?

A 
Close
Head free, but supported
Inline
Nose to nipple
Sustainable
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11
Q

The UK’s formula industry is the 11th largest in the world, and was predicted to be worth how much in 2019?

A

$907 million.

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12
Q

How much was the global formula industry worth in 2018?

A

$70 billion.

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13
Q

When preparing a formula feed, how much fresh tap water should you fill the kettle with?

A

1 litre.

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14
Q

When preparing a formula feed, you should leave the water to cool in the kettle for no more than how many minutes?

A

30 minutes.

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15
Q

When preparing a formula feed, the water should be left to cool to what temperature?

A

The temperature of the water should be at least 70 degrees Celsius.

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16
Q

When making a formula feed, what do you put in the bottle first, the water or the powder?

A

The water so that you get an accurate measurement.

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17
Q

Infant formula that has been left at room temperature should be thrown away after how long?

A

2 hours. Any formula left after a feed should be disposed of.

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18
Q

Formula feeds should always be freshly prepared. Should you have to store it, where should it be stored and for how long?

A

Feeds should always be stored at the back of the fridge on the top shelf, for no longer than 24 hours.

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19
Q

Increasing breastfeeding worldwide could prevent how many child deaths and how many deaths from breast cancer each year?

A

800,000 child deaths, and 20,000 deaths from breast cancer.

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20
Q

How much does failing to breastfeed cost the global economy each year?

A

$302 billion.

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21
Q

A 1% increase in breastfeeding rates in the UK could save the NHS how much money per year in hospital admissions?

A

£35 million.

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22
Q

Breastfeeding improves vaccine efficacy: true or false?

A

True.

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23
Q

Bovine cow milk promotes rapid musculoskeletal growth. What does human milk promote?

A

Rapid development of the central nervous system.

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24
Q

What living cells does breastmilk contain?

A

Macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils.

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25
Q

Give 4 factors that affect the composition of breastmilk.

A

Gestation, stage of lactation, time of day and stage of feed.

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26
Q

Which has a higher fat concentration, fore or hind milk?

A

Hind milk has a higher fat concentration than fore milk.

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27
Q

Describe the composition of colostrum.

A

Colostrum appears thick and creamy yellow. It is high density, low volume. Colostrum is richer in proteins and minerals, and lower in carbohydrates, fat and some vitamins. It contains high levels of antibodies.

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28
Q

What are the immunological and anti-infective agents of breastmilk?

A

Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM), T cells, macrophages and lymphocytes.

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29
Q

How soon should skin-to-skin be commenced after birth?

A

Within 30 minutes of birth.

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30
Q

How long should skin-to-skin last after birth?

A

At least 1 hour, or until the baby has fed from the breast (if breastfeeding).

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31
Q

When helping to place a baby skin-to-skin with its mother, where should it ideally be placed?

A

Just below the breast or nipple line. The baby should never be above the breasts.

32
Q

List the 6 benefits of skin-to-skin.

A
  1. Keeps the baby warm.
  2. Calms the mother and baby.
  3. Regulates the baby’s heartbeat and breathing.
  4. Stimulates the baby to exhibit pre-feeding behaviour.
  5. Helps the mother’s uterus to contract, controlling post-birth blood loss.
  6. Encourages the start of a close and loving relationship
33
Q

If a baby is born un-medicated and given the correct opportunity, it will self-attach to the breast and suckle correctly within how many minutes?

A

50 minutes.

34
Q

When is an infant’s suckling reflex most intense?

A

45 - 120 minutes after birth.

35
Q

Why is weighing a baby a postpartum practice that can negatively affect breastfeeding?

A

If a baby is placed on cold scales in a supine position the Moro reflex is elicited, which releases adrenaline.

36
Q

Fetal life is characterised by constant feeding. How can this state be described?

A

An anabolic state.

37
Q

During fetal life, rather than being used as a metabolic regulator, insulin is mostly used as what?

A

A growth hormone.

38
Q

Neonatal nutritional life is characterised by intermittent feeding. How can this state be described?

A

A catabolic state.

39
Q

There is a normal, physiological decrease in neonatal blood glucose concentration in the first 2 hours of life. What can we expect the blood glucose concentration to look like?

A

2-3mmol/L.

40
Q

Breastfed babies have lower blood glucose levels in the first week of life in comparison to formula fed babies: ____ mmol/L in comparison to ____ mmol/L.

A
  1. 6mmol/L

4. 0mmol/L

41
Q

Describe the hormonal changes that aid in a metabolic switch in the neonate.

A

Decreased insulin. Increase in catecholamines. Glucagon is released.

42
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

The breakdown of glycogen to provide glucose. Occurs in the liver and muscles.

43
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

The breakdown of fats from adipose tissue. Glycerol is metabolised and used in gluconeogenesis metabolism.

44
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The endogenous production of glucose in the liver.

45
Q

What is ketogenesis?

A

The production of ketone bodies from the biproducts (fatty acids and triglycerides) of lipolysis, which are metabolised to provide energy.

46
Q

List the three conditions for normoglycaemia.

A

Frequent feeds, a normally functioning endocrine system, and adequate liver glycogen stores and lipid stores.

47
Q

How can normoglycaemia be recognised?

A

Signs of normoglycaemia include: the baby being alert, waking and demanding frequent feeds, passing sufficient urine and stools, settling between feeds, having good muscle tone and warmth.

48
Q

On the 1st day after birth, approximately how large is the newborn’s stomach?

A

The size of a marble - approximately 5ml.

49
Q

On the 3rd day after birth, approximately how large is the newborn’s stomach?

A

The size of a ping-pong ball - approximately 20ml.

50
Q

On the 10th day after birth, approximately how large is the newborn’s stomach?

A

The size of a chicken egg - approximately 60ml.

51
Q

In the first 24 hours after birth, what is the average amount (and range) an infant will feed?

A

They will feed an average of 4.3 times (with a range of 0-11).

52
Q

In the 24-48 hours after birth, what is the average amount (and range) an infant will feed?

A

They will feed an average of 7.4 times (with a range of 1-22).

53
Q

In the first 6-8 weeks after birth, what is the average amount an infant will feed?

A

They will feed an average of 6-12 times per day.

54
Q

When does an infant’s milk intake peak? And what is the quantity?

A

Their milk intake peaks at three months, with approximately 750ml/day.

55
Q

At what stage are infants expected to have regained their birth weight?

A

By two weeks.

56
Q

At what stage are infants expected to have doubled their birth weight?

A

By 6 months.

57
Q

At what stage are infants expected to have tripled their birth weight?

A

By 1 year.

58
Q

By 1 year, how many times their birth length is an infant expected to grow?

A

1.5 times their birth length.

59
Q

By 1 year, how many inches is an infant’s head circumference expected to have grown by?

A

3 inches.

60
Q

For a breastfed infant, what is the average energy intake at one month?

A

113 cal/kg/day

61
Q

For a breastfed infant, what is the average energy intake at 6 months?

A

85-89 cal/kg/day.

62
Q

What is the general recommendation for infant weight gain per week?

A

An infant should gain roughly 4-7 oz. per week.

63
Q

How long do growth spurts last in the infant?

A

7-10 days.

64
Q

When do the first four growth spurts occur?

A

They occur around 3 and 6 weeks, and 3 and 6 months.

65
Q

On days 1-2 after birth, how many times should an infant pass urine?

A

2 or more wet nappies per day.

66
Q

On days 3-4 after birth, how many times should an infant pass urine?

A

3 or more wet nappies per day.

67
Q

On days 5-6 after birth, how many times should an infant pass urine?

A

5 or more heavy wet nappies per day.

68
Q

On days 7+ after birth, how many times should an infant pass urine?

A

6 or more heavy wet nappies per day.

69
Q

What is one visual sign that a baby is dehydrated?

A

Their anterior fontanelle may appear depressed.

70
Q

On days 1-2 after birth, how many stools should an infant pass?

A

1 or more per day. (Meconium)

71
Q

On days 3-4 after birth, how many stools should an infant pass?

A

2 or more per day. (Appear dark green)

72
Q

On days 5-6 after birth, how many stools should an infant pass?

A

2 or more per day. (Appear soft and yellow)

73
Q

On days 7-28 after birth, how many stools should an infant pass?

A

5-10 per day

Appear soft and yellow, may be runny and have a grainy consistency

74
Q

On days 29+ after birth, how many stools should an infant pass?

A

1 every 4-12 days

Copious

75
Q

How do stools for formula fed babies differ from those of breastfed babies?

A

Stools for formula-fed babies are darker and firmer, and have a bile-predominant odour. Their faecal flora is similar to that of an adult.

Midwifery Year 1 MCQ (10 decks)

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