Endocrine System Flashcards
Where is oxytocin produced? Where is it released from?
Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus, but released by the posterior pituitary gland.
Where is corticotrophin-releasing hormone produced?
The hypothalamus.
Where is dopamine produced?
The hypothalamus.
Where is growth hormone-releasing hormone produced?
The hypothalamus.
Where is gonadotrophin-releasing hormone produced?
The hypothalamus.
Where is adrenocorticotrophic hormone produced?
The anterior pituitary gland.
Where is thyroid stimulating hormone produced?
The anterior pituitary gland.
Where is growth hormone produced?
The anterior pituitary gland.
Where is prolactin produced?
The anterior pituitary gland.
Where is follicle stimulating hormone produced?
The anterior pituitary gland.
Where is luteinising hormone produced?
The anterior pituitary gland.
Where is anti-diuretic hormone produced?
The posterior pituitary gland.
Where is thyroxine produced?
The thyroid gland
Where is adrenaline produced?
The adrenal medulla.
Where is noradrenaline produced?
The adrenal medulla.
Where is cortisol produced?
The adrenal cortex.
Where is melatonin produced?
The pineal gland.
Where is insulin produced?
The pancreas (in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans).
Where is glucagon produced?
The pancreas (in the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans).
Where are androgens (specifically testosterone) produced in males?
The testes.
Where are androgens produced in males and females?
The adrenal cortex.
Where is oestrogen produced?
The ovaries.
Where are progestogens produced?
The ovaries.
What is the term for hormones that are secreted into ducts?
Exocrine
What action is achieved when hormones are secreted into the blood to act upon distant target cells?
Endocrine.
What action is achieved when hormone have a local effect?
Paracrine.
What action is achieved when hormones act upon the same cell they were produced in?
Autocrine.
Which two types of hormones are water soluble?
Peptide and protein hormones.
Steroid hormones circulate bound to what?
Plasma proteins.
What is the term for a hormone whose effect is to stimulate other glands?
Tropic hormones.
What is the term for a hormone which directly stimulates the target cells to produce an effect?
Non-tropic hormones.
What classification of hormone are oestrogens?
Steroid hormones < lipid hormones.
What classification of hormones are progestogens?
Steroid hormones < lipid hormones.
What classification of hormones are prostaglandins?
Eicosanoids < lipid hormones.
What classification of hormone is follicle stimulating hormone?
Gonadotrophic glycoproteins < protein hormones.
What classification of hormone is luteinising hormone?
Gonadotrophic glycoproteins < protein hormones.
What classification of hormone is human chorionic gonadotrophin?
Gonadotrophic glycoproteins < protein hormones.
What classification of hormone is thyroid stimulating hormone?
Gonadotrophic glycoproteins < protein hormones.
What classification of hormone is prolactin?
Somatotrophic polypeptides < protein hormones.
What classification of hormone is human placental lactogen?
Somatotrophic polypeptides < protein hormones.
What classification of hormone is insulin?
Cytokines < protein hormones.
What classification of hormone is gonadotrophin releasing hormone?
Small peptides < protein hormones.
What classification of hormone is oxytocin?
Small peptides < protein hormones.
What classification of hormone is beta-endorphin?
Small peptides < protein hormones.
What classification of hormone is adrenaline?
Catecholamines < monoamines.
What is another term for hormone?
Ligand.
Give an example of a positive feedback loop in midwifery.
The Ferguson’s Reflex: head of baby pushes against cervix, impulses transmitted to brain, more oxytocin secreted, stimulates more uterine contractions, increasing pressure of head against cervix.
What is up-regulation?
Prolonged exposure to a low concentration of hormone increases the number of receptors expressed by the cell.
What is down-regulation?
Prolonged exposure to a high concentration of hormone decreases the number of receptors expressed by the cell.
Describe the physiological cascade that occurs in response to acute stress.
The hypothalamus triggers activity in the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. The ANS stimulates the adrenal medulla to produce adrenaline and noradrenaline. These are released into the bloodstream, and produce ‘fight or flight’ effects systemically.
Describe the physiological cascade that occurs in response to chronic stress.
The hypothalamus releases corticotrophin-releasing hormone. This stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce ACTH. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. Cortisol converts protein to glucose, increasing blood sugar levels.
