Nervous System Flashcards
The nervous system is composed of which two parts
CNS & PNS
CNS is comprised of what?
Brain and Spinal Cord
PNS is comprised of what?
only nerves and connects brain and spinal cord (CNS) to the rest of the body
Made up of three primary systems. The skeletal system (bones and joints), the muscular system (ligaments, tendons, muscles, and fascia) and the nervous system (peripheral and central nerves).
the kinetic chain (human movement system)
communication network within the human body
nervous system
Sensory function
senses changes in internal and external environment
Integrative function
analyze and interpret sensory information and make proper decisions
Motor function
Neuromuscular response to sensory information
secreted by the pancreas; regulate blood glucose for use by all bodily cells for energy production.
insulin and glucagon
testosterone and estrogen
sex hormones.
testosterone= muscle growth
growth hormone
secreted by the pituitary gland, responsible for stimulating growth during puberty.
cortisol
hormone released in times of stress and stimulates tissue breakdown for ready source of energy
neuron
function unit of the nervous system
Sensory (afferent) neurons
nerve cell that conducts impulses to CNS from sense organ. “Arrives”
Interneurons
sends nerve impulses between one another
Motor (efferent) neurons
sends nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles or glands
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
Mechanoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Muscle spindles
Mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Golgi tendon organs
Mechanoreceptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint.
Joint receptors
skeletal system
body’s framework. composed of bones and joints
bones
structures that provide resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
joints
junctions of bones and connective tissues; where muscles cause movement to occur
portion of skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
Axial skeleton
portion of skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities
Appendicular skeleton
remodeling
the process of resorption and formation of bone
osteoclasts
type of bone cell that removes bone tissue (resportion)
osteoblasts
type of cell that is responsible for bone formation (build)
epiphysis
the end of long bones. houses much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production; one of the primary sites for bone growth
diaphysis
shaft portion of a long bone
epiphyseal plate
the region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis where growth in the length of the diaphysis occurs; the growth plate
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone except the articulating surfaces in joints
periosteum
medullar cavity
central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
articular (hyaline) cartilage
cartilage that covers the articular surface of bones
depressions
flattened or indented portions of bone which can be muscle attachment sites
processes
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.
a series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord
vertebral column
arthrokinematics
joint motion
synovial joints
Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement; produce synovial fluid to lubricate joints
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, capsule, connective tissue, or cartilage.
non-synovial joints
ligaments
Fibrous tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle
epimysium
perimysium
the connective tissues that surrounds fascicles
endomysium
deepest later of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.
sarcomere
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments
neural activation
the contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
motor unit
a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it connects to
neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.
stabilizers
support joints during movements
antagonist
opposition to the agonists on opposite sides of joint. opposite to prime mover
synergist
help the primer movers. works with them.
agonist
prime mover for a movement. provides main source of force.
4 roles a muscle can play
agonist, synergist, antagonist, stabilizer
skeletal muscle (type I)
slow-twitch.
more resistant to fatigue for endurance
skeletal muscle (type II)
fast-twitch.
contract fast to generate more power.
