Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Path 3 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Any head injury that maybe damaged the spine shoudl get?

A

Immobilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Basilar skull fx ssx?

A

Periorbital ecchymosis (raccoon eyes)

Ecchymosis behind ear (battle’s sign)

Hemotympanum (bloody TM)

CSF rhinorrhea/otorrhea (halo sign on gauze)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Blood accumulating between skull/dura

Classically, middle meningeal artery torn by temporal fragment

Expanding hematoma SLOWLY separates dura from skull

A

epidural hematoma (minutes to hours before hematoma is large enough to cause ssx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clinical features of epidural hematoma

A

Initial LOC, followed by regained consciousness (lucid interval)

Hours later… cerebral compression -> HA, N/V, confusion, vision changes

Tx = surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Blood between dura and arachnoid

Typically, blunt trauma when skull hits fixed object (elderly falls/hits head; MVA)

A

Subdural hematoma

repeated small traumas may have same cumulative effect as single large trauma… boxing, football, blasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Clin features of subdural hematoma?

A

Slow cerebral compression… hours, days, weeks after head injury

Nonspecific symptoms (e.g., worsening HA) to lateralizing signs such as unilateral dilated/blown pupil, unilateral weakness, decorticate/decerebrate posturing

Requires sx to tx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bleeding b/w arachnoid membrane/pia mater

Can be from brain trauma

OR

Bleeding from cerebral aneurysm/AVM

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

small saccular aneurysm in Circle of Willis

Often rupture spontaneously (35% mortality)

A

berry aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

abnormal connection bw arteries/veins

A

AVM (rare but increased risk of bleed0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Thunderclap HA = sudden bleed

Vomiting

Hemiparesis/hemiplegia

Rapidly advances/requires immediate tx to avoid death

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CT image

Blood ouside dura

Concave shape

A

epidural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CT image

Blood under dura

Crescent shape

A

subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CT image

Blood within brain

compresses ventricles

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pupil dilation (anisocoria)0

Papilledema (swelling of optic nerve)

Posturing (abnormal flexion = decorticate, abnormal extension = decerebrate)

A

Clinicial features of ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cushing’s triad?

A

Respiratoyr changes (Cheyne-Stokes, agonal)

Widening pulses pressure

Bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most common CVA (stroke)

Thrombosis formation (slower ssx onset)
Embolism (rapid onset)
A

Ischemic stroke - blood flow to brain is decreased

stroke is 3rd most common cause of death in US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Less common CVA…. associated w/ HTN or ruptured aneurysm/AVM

A

Hemorrhagic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Weakness/paralysis (contralateral to affected side of brain)

Difficulty speaking (aphasia)

Tx?

A

Clincal features of stroke…

Tx = CT to r/o hemorrhage!

Then fibrinolytics/transport to stroke center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mini stroke

Milder/rapidly resolving symptoms

HIGH RISK OF FULL STROKE W/IN MOS

A

TIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

WHAT TYPE OF STROKE DOESN’T GET FIBRINOLYTICS?

A

HEMORRHAGIC DUH DON’T KILL PEOPLE

21
Q

MOst common form of meningitis?

A

Viral

Adults = flu

Children = rubella, adenovirus, measles

22
Q

Common pathogens for bacterial meningitis?

A

Adults = strep pneumo

Children/Young adults= Neisseria meningitides

Neonates = GBS

23
Q

Clinical features of meningitis?

A

Fever/HA

Nuchal rigidity

Kernig’s/Brudzinski’s

24
Q

forced flexion of neck -> flexion of hips/knees

A

Brudzinski’s sign = meningitis

25
Q

supine pt flexes hip at 90, then attempt to full extend leg upward

Leg extension = pain/spasm in hamstring muscles

A

kernig’s

26
Q

Meningitis… all CSF get sent…

A

for culture

27
Q

Clear CSF, lymphocytes

Normal to high protein

NORMAL glucose

A

viral meningitis

28
Q

Cloudy CSF

neutrophils

HIGH PROTEIN AND LOW GLUCOSE

A

bacterial meningitis

HIGH DOSE ABX STAT

29
Q

Bite, or urine, blood from dogs, yote, raccoon, bats, foxes, skunks

Can take months to reach CNS

Flu like illness then eventual agitation/delirium (death w/in 1-3 weeks)

A

Rabies

Fatal if not immediately given postexposure rabies shot (once ssx manifest, no effective tx available)

30
Q

Demyelinating dz presumed to be auto-immune

Onset 25-45 years (women 2x more than men)

A

MS

31
Q

Episodes of exacerbation/remission

Sensory ssx (loss of touch, blurred vision)

Motor ssx (muscle weakness, unsteady gait)

Urinary incontinence

A

MS

32
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for MS?

A

2-nerve related ssx in 2 or more episodes separated by at least one month

No tx, but steroids to manage ssx

33
Q

Atrophy of brain cortex w/ neuritic (senile) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

90% w/ apolipoprotein E4 gene mutation

A

alzheimers

34
Q

Dementia (loss of memory)

Decreased judgment and personality changes

Sundowning… pt becomes restless/irritbale towards end of day

A

Alzheimers

No cure… ACEIs and memantine

OTs for ADLs

35
Q

Degeneration of extrapyramidal motor system

Loss of pigmented (dopaminergic) neurons in substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s

36
Q

Lewy’s bodies?

A

Parkinson’s

eisonophilic inclusion wthin depigmentaed neural tracts

37
Q

Parkinson’s pyramidal vs extrapyramidal?

A

Pyramidal = fine motion/completion of movt

Extrapyramidal = involuntary

38
Q

CLin features of parkinson’s?

A

Resting tremor of hands (pill rolling)

Slow shuffling walk w/ stooped posture (slowing of voluntary movt = bradykinesia)

Cogwheel rigidity/stuffness (UE on PROM)

Mask-like face (gradual loss of expression/drooling)(

39
Q

Tx for parkinson’s?

A

No cure, but dopamine eases ssx

40
Q

Atrophy of caudate nucleus and motor cortex of frontal lobe

Onset usually by 40

Presents w/ motor disturbances

A

Huntingtons chorea

also progressive dementia/abnormal behavior

41
Q

Involuntary, gyrating movt

Choreiform

A

Huntington’s chorea

(on CT - wide sulci, large ventricles)

No cure, meds may ease ssx

42
Q

Rare dz w/ progressive muscle wasting

DZ SPARES COGNITION/INTELLECT (UNIQUE FEATURE)

Onset, middle-aged to older

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

43
Q

Hand muscle fasciculations (involuntary twitching that doens;t move limb)

Rapidly increasing paralysis (difficulty swallowing, speaking)

A

ALS (Lou Gehrig’s)

No tx (meds minimally slow progression)

44
Q

Onset 25-40

Autoimmune
Demyelinating (brain)

Blurred vision
sensory loss
muscle weakness

A

MS

45
Q

onset 70+

Amyloid plaques and neurofibril tangles

Memory loss
dementia

A

Alzheimers

46
Q

60+

Decreased dopaminaergic neurons in substantia nigara
extrapyramidal motor d/o

Pill rolling
cogwheeling
mask-like face

A

Parkinson’s

47
Q

40+

Atrophy of caudate nucleus/cerebral cortex

gyrating movt
dementia/behavioral changes

A

Huntington

48
Q

35+

Spinal cord (ant horn), medulla, cerebral cortex

Fasciculations
Muscle wasting
INTELLECT SPARED

A

Lou Gehrig (ALS)

Path 3 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions