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Path 3 > Eyes/Ears > Flashcards

Eyes/Ears Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Nearsightedness (see better up close)
  2. Farsightedness (see better far away)
  3. Irregularity of lens/cornea (distance doesn’t affect vision)
  4. Farsightedness of age (loss of lens)
A
  1. Myopia
  2. Hyperopia
  3. Astigmatism
  4. Presbyopia
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2
Q

Most commonly caused by adenovirus

Often preceded by URI

Highly contagious

Ssx?

A

Viral conjunctivitis

Painless to mild irritation

CLEAR watery to thick d/c w/ crusting on lashes

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3
Q

OFten from ocular injury, FB, poor contact lens care, spread from rhinosinusitis

Ssx?

A

Bacterial conjunctivitis

ssx = usually painless COPIOUS mucopurulent d/c (at risk for corneal ulceration)

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4
Q

INfection involving the cornea typically with an ulcerative process

A

Keratitis (most cases are keratoconjunctivitis as an extension of conjunctivitis)

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5
Q

Common keratitis in the US… HSV

From cold sores or zoster on ophthalmic branch CN V

Herpetic vesicles/ulcerations on corneal surface (may cause scarring/blindness)

Ssx?

A

ssx = unilateral, photophobia, dendritic pattern

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6
Q

Outside of US, leading cause of blindness

Highly contagious from contact w/ infected secretions, contaminated objects, flies

ssx?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis (trachoma)

Mild itch/irritation progressing to purulent d/c

Scars cause lashes to turn inward

Ingrown lashes scratch eyelid leading to corneal inflammation/permanent clouding

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7
Q

Infxn of eyelash follicle w/ small pustule at lash line (staph aureus)

A

Style (hordeolum)

Warm compresses (maybe abx)

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8
Q

Blockage of meibomian gland

A

Chalazion

Acutely warm compresses, maybe referral to optho if no improvement

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9
Q

Redness/swelling of eyelash and eyelash follicles (often staph aureus)

A

Blepharitis

Tx - maybe abx but careful daily cleansing of lids/eyelashes

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10
Q

most common cause of vision loss in US

Opacification or clouding of lens, usually develops over years - decades

A

Cataracts

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11
Q

Most common cataracts

Wear/tear on lens

A

Senile cataracts

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12
Q

Cataracts as a consequence of trauma, burns, inflammation, radiation

A

Secondary cataracts

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13
Q

Tx for cataracts?

A

Surgical removal/replacements of lens

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14
Q

Increased IOP from disrupted flow of aqueous humor

Atrophy of optic nerve/retinal cells -> loss of central/peripheral visual fields

A

Glaucoma

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15
Q

Impaired reabsoprtion for unknown reason

Progressive

Slowly increased IOPs

A

Open-angle

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16
Q

Iris suddenly impedes flow

SUDDEN, RAPID rise in IOPs

INTENSELY PAINFUL RED EYE/BLURRED VISION

A

Closed-angle

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17
Q

Tx for glaucoma?

A

STAT optometry referral

REDUCE IOP ( can use beta Bs, alpha agonist)

Pilocarpine to constrict pupil for angle closure crisis

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18
Q

Progressive deterioration and loss of central vision

Dry is less aggressive, wet form progressives rapidly

A

Age-related macular degeneration

No tx

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19
Q

Drusen bodies

A

Yellow lipid deposits on retina characteristic of ARMD

20
Q

Clinical features of ARMD?

A

Visual distortions (straight lines appear bent)

Need for brighter light for near vision

Difficulty at adapting to lowlight levels

21
Q

Copper wiring or silver wiring

Retinal hemorrhages (dot/flame hemorrhages)

Cotton wool spots (retinal edema and exudates0)

A

HTN retinopathy findings on exam

22
Q

Cotton wool spots

Neovascularization

A

Diabetic retinopathy

23
Q

Rare eye malignancy affecting CHILDREN (often involves both eyes)

Intraocular mss eventually fills entire globe and extends into optic (UNTREATED = LETHAL)

A

Retinoblastoma

Tumor recognized by WHITE PUPIL OR WHITE REFLEX during infant eye exam

24
Q

Primary eye tumor affecting adults

Tumor originates from pigmented cells uveal tract (enlarging growth distorts globe)

A

Malignant melanoma

Ssx - dark spot on iris or conjunctiva

25
Q

Both retinoblastoma and malignant melanoma get what tx?

A

Eye nucleation

26
Q

Cauliflower ear, “wrestler’s ear”

Trauma causes hematoma to form w/ subsequent ischemia -> permanently deformed auricle

A

Auricular hematoma

27
Q

Tx for auricular hematoma?

A

Drain ear hematoma quickly

Apply pressure dressing to sandwich skin against cartilage

28
Q

Most often associated w/ children w/ atopic dermatitis or adults w/ eczema

Ssx - itching, erythema, flaking

A

Allergic OE

29
Q

swimmers ear

Common in children but affects all age ranges

Staph aureus/pseudomonas

SSx?

A

Bacterial OE

Ssx - pn, redness, swelling d/c, TENDERNESS W/ EAR MOTION

30
Q

Ssx are similar to bacterial OE but no d/c and HYPHAE in ear canal

Associated w/ hot climates

A

Fungal OE

31
Q

Typically an extension of viral URI

Common in 1-5 y/o

SSx = ear pn, hearing loss, fever

RED AND BULGING TM

A

Acute OM

Tx - abx, fever mgmt

32
Q

Chronic/recurrent OM?

A

Repeated/failed abx

Tx - ENT referral

Myringotomy w/ PE tubes (no head immersio under water)

33
Q

Perf TM causes?

A

Mechanical trauma - FB
Acoustic trauma - noise
Barotrauma - sudden pressure change (divers/fliers)
Infection - drainage from OM

34
Q

Tx for small perf TM?

A

Small perfs will heal spontaneously but no head immersion

large/non healing perfs may need ENT sx

35
Q

Benign (but erosive) tumor

Common complication of chronic otitis media

External canal epithelium grows inward through TM perforation into middle ear/mastoid

A

cholesteatoma

negative pressures in middle ear “pull” in squamous cells, forming cyst -> damage to ossicles/mastoid

36
Q

Ear drainage, vertigo, hearing loss

PEARLY WHITE MASS IN MIDDLE EAR

A

cholesteatoma

tx = surgical excision/repair; abx

37
Q

Tiny floating debris in labyrinth, provoked by simple manuevers

(usually self-limiting, but associated w/ infxn or head/neck trauma)

A

Benign positional vertigo

38
Q

Ssx = dizziness (not lightheadedness)

Tx = antiemetics, drugs for motion sickness (also, home exercises to “fatigue” labyrinth receptors)

A

benign positional vertigo

39
Q

Fluid imbalance between inner ear compartments

common in 40-60 y/o

Tx?

A

Meniere’s dz

Tx = antiemetics (ENT for eval)

40
Q

What’s the classic triad for meniere’s dz?

A

Vertigo (lasting hours, then subsides then recurs w/ in days)

Sensorineural hearing loss (especially low-freq sounds)

Tinnitus

41
Q

What would the hearing loss in Meniere’s dz look like on PE?

A

Weber lateralizes to affected ear

Rhinne AC > BC

42
Q

Loss of conduction, usually external to middle ear problem

FB, cerumen, TM perf, OM

A

conducitve hearing loss

43
Q

Cochlear damage, inner ear “receiver” is damaged

A

Sensory

repetitive noise trauma is most common cause, but also ppresbycusis = hearing loss of old age

44
Q

Least common hearing loss?

Auditory/brain damage

(MS, CVA, cranial nerve tumor)

A

Neural hearing loss

45
Q

Sounds great than ___ as sudden impulse/repetitive burst cause damage

A

85 decibels (heavy city traffic)

46
Q

How do loud noises affect hair cells?

A

Release of free radicals irreversibly damaging auditory hair cells

(-> tinnitus)

Path 3 (7 decks)

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