Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Path 3 > Bone/Joints > Flashcards

Bone/Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Impaired endochondral ossification in developing LONG BONES

Body habitus is out of proportion (shortened legs/arms/small face with normal trunk/cranium)

A

Achondroplasia (dwarfism)

Trunk/upper body = normal = intermembraneous ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bones easily fx, often w/ multiple broken bones

Blue sclera

Defect in type 1 collagen (autosomal dominant disorder)

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

Brittle bone dz (other deformities = bowed legs/loose joints/weak teeth)

(may initially be confused for child abuse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bacterial infxn of bones (usually staph a)

How do adults/children differ?

A

Osteomyelitis

Adults = usually comp of open fx or sx (infxn elsewhere spreads to bone)

Children = bacteremia seeding of metaphysis (potentially damaging the growth plate)

Tx = high dose abx, surgical cleanout/repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Risk factors for osteoporosis

A

Age/gender (elderly women)
Decreased estrogen
Decreased mobility (chronic dz/post-trauma)
Poor diet/malabsoprtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Clincal features of osteoporosis?

A

Femoral neck fx (**mortaility up to 50% within 1 year)

Vertebral bdoy fx (associated w/ kyphosis/dowager’s hump)

[DEXA scan shows reduced mineral bone density]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Tx for osteoporosis?

A

Meds (bisphosphates (dronates, dronic), estrogen)
Exercise
Proper diet (calcium, vitamin D)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Specific term for softening of bones in children due to inadequate calcium mineralization

Clinical features = bowlegs

Tx = Vit D,calcium, phosphorus

A

Rickets (osteomalacia)

Malnutrition/lack of sunlight contribute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Irregular bone restructuring leading to thickening/deformity

Typically affects skull, proximal femur, axial skeleton (often bowlegs)

Xray = honeycomb/cottonwool appearance

A

Osteitis deformans (Paget’s dz)

Tx = bisphosphonates (alenDRONATE, ibanDRONATE, zoleDRONIC acid)

Hypervascular around affected bone SO high risk for blood loss during ortho sx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Healing process for bones?

A
  1. Hematoma (2-3 days, chondroblasts/osteoblasts appear)
  2. Fibrocartilage (one week, fibroblasts/osteoblastsbuild trabeculae)
  3. Boney callus (2-4 weeks)
  4. Remodeling (occurs ONLY AFTER NORMAL MVMT RESUMES)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Factors promoting fracture healing?

A

IMMOBILIZAITON
ALIGNMENT
good blood supply
good diete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Involves wt bearing joints (knees, hips, vertebra) and fingers

JOINT SPACE NARROWING

OSTEOPHYTES

Initial stiffness/pain for 15 mins then fades
Joint may become tneder/enlarged BUT REMAINS COOL TO TOUCH (i.e., not inflammatory)

A

Osteoarthritis/DJD (Most common joint dz)

Finger nodules = Bouchard’s (PIP) and Heberden’s nodes (DIP)

tx = remain active and NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Erodes articular cartilage/bone -> immobilization

CHRONIC SYMMETRICAL JOINT INFLAMMATION

Common in small joints of wrist/hand/proximal finger

Ulnar devation and finger z-deformity

(RARELY LARGE JOINTS, spares wt bearing axial skeleton)

A

RA

Tx = NSAIDs to slow progression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Uric acid crystals + ETOH abuse?

Tx?

A

Gout

NSAIDs (indomethacin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Podagra?

A

2-3 days of intense pn, swlling, redness of great toe (1MTP)

May also invole ANKLE, knee, wrist

Gout (birefringent crystals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chronic hyperuricemia might lead to?

A

Tophi ( on ear auricle, olecranon, patella)

Uric acid renal stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Secondary bone tumors 10x more common than primary

A

check

17
Q

More common in males

Long bone tumor -> soft tissue

“Sunburst” and “onion skin”

Highly malignant; blood metz, Nearly 100% fatal w/o tx

A

Ewing’s sarcoma

18
Q

MOST COMMON PRIMARY BONE CANCER

Long bones… half of which are near knee (often hematogenously spread to lungs)

A

Osteosarcoma

19
Q

**35-60 year-olds

Cartilage tumor in the axial skeleton (pelvis, vertebra)

A

Chondrosarcoma

20
Q

Rare dz

Autoimmune antibodies to Ach receptors at NMJ… decreases nerve impulses, which manifests as easily fatiguable muscles

MUSCLE WEAKNESS LATER IN DAY

PTOSIS, BLAND FACIAL EXPRESSION

What disease? What populations

A

Myasthenia gravis

Women 20-35, men 50-60

Test for Ach antibodies… dose w/ ACEI, muscle weakness should improve

Tx = symptomatic

21
Q

Most common muscular dystrophy?

Males… early childhood onset (3-5 y/o)

Affects pelvic girdle/lower extremity

Gower’s sign?

A

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

Gower’s sign = using arms to lift torso

Testing = genetic (CK is elevated, BUT CK is elevated in all dystrophies)

Tx = corticosteroids (No cure, early death)

22
Q

Most common childhoold muscle weakness d/o

Floppy child syndorme (hypotonia)

Delay reaching motor/mvmt milestones

A

Cerebral palsy

23
Q

Acquired myopathies include?

A

Diabetic myopathy = chronic hypoperfusion, peripheral nerve dysfxn

Cancer myopathy = paraneoplastic syndrome

24
Q

Rupture/ncerosis of striated muscle due typically to trauma (impact, crush, perfusion-reperfusion) or overuse

Cylce of more edema -> more entrapment

May lead to compartment syndrome

A

rhabdo

25
Q

Clinical features = muscle pain (myalgia) and myoglobinuria (dark urine)

Labs = elevated K (-> arrhythmias) and CK-MM***

Tx?

A

Rhabdo

Tx = large volume IV fluid to dilute myoglobin/K

(extreme cases may require dialysis)

26
Q

What are the 5 p’s of compartment syndrome?

A

increasing pressure in muscle compartment begins impeding blood flow

Pain (OUT OF PROPORTION)
Paresthesia
Pallor
Paralysis
Pulselessness (late finding...)
27
Q

When shoudl a fasciotomy be performed for compartment syndrome?

A

intracompartmental pressure should be 30-40 mm Hg less than DBP… if ICP-DBP gap is less than 30 -> fasciotomy

28
Q

benign

common

slow-growing

mobile

A

lipoma

can remove for cosmesis

29
Q

cancerous

Malignant fatty tumor (grows rapidly)

Biospy to confirm

Tx = radiation/chemo

A

liposarcoma

Path 3 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions