Nervous System Flashcards
List the main anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system (CNS):
- brain
- spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS):
- Spinal nerves
- Cranial nerves
- Autonomic nerves
- Everything that’s not CNS
List the different types of nerve function
- Somatic sensory function
- Somatic motor function
- Special sensory function
- Visceral afferent function
- Sympathetic function
- Parasympathetic function
Define a ganglion
Collection of nerve cell bodies
- found in the PNS
Define a nerve
A bundle of axons (nerve fibres)
Describe a the axon (nerve fibre) of a neuron
Long projection of neuron
Carries action potentials
A single axon can only carry one type of signal
Describe peripheral nerves
Multiple bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue
Travelling to/from the same thing
Bundles can branch off of main nerve
All bundles in a nerve can either contain nerves of the same modality, or they can be of mixed modality
Define an afferent nerve
Sends signals towards the brain
Is sensory
Define an efferent nerve
Sends signals away from the brain
Is motor
Define a gyrus
The raised parts of the outermost layer of the brain
Define a sulcus
The sunken (‘valley-like’) parts of the outermost layer of the brain
Name the 4 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
- Frontal lobes
- Parietal lobes
- Temporal lobes
- Occipital lobes
The lobes are bilateral structues
Name the 12 cranial nerves
I - Olfactory II- Optic III - Oculomotor IV - Trochlear V - Trigeminal VI - Abducens VII - Facial VIII - Vestibulocochlear IX - Glossopharyngeal X - Vagus XI - Spinal accessory nerve XII - Hypoglossal nerve
Name the 12 cranial nerves
I - Olfactory II- Optic III - Oculomotor IV - Trochlear V - Trigeminal VI - Abducens VII - Facial VIII - Vestibulocochlear IX - Glossopharyngeal X - Vagus XI - Spinal accessory nerve XII - Hypoglossal nerve
Define a fossa
A depression, usually in a bone
List the 3 cranial fossa
- Anterior cranial fossa
- Middle cranial fossa
- Posterior cranial fossa
List the cranial nerves that have their foramina in each cranial fossa
Anterior cranial fossa:
- CN I
Middle cranial fossa:
- CN II –> VI
Posterior cranial fossa:
- CN VII –> XII
Define a foramen
A hole in a bone that allows for a nerve or vessel
Name the foramina the each cranial nerve
Ethmoidal foramina - CN I
Optic canal - CN II
Superior orbital fissure - CN III, IV, V1, VI
Foramen rotundum - CN V2
Foramen ovale - CN V3
Internal acoustic meatus - CN VII & VIII
Jugular foramen - CN IX, X & XI
Hypoglossal canal - CNXII
Match the cranial nerve to its modality
I - Olfactory --> Special sensory II- Optic --> Special sensory III - Oculomotor --> Motor IV - Trochlear --> Motor V - Trigeminal --> Both VI - Abducens --> Motor VII - Facial --> Both VIII - Vestibulocochlear --> Special sensory IX - Glossopharyngeal --> Both X - Vagus --> Both XI - Spinal accessory nerve --> Motor XII - Hypoglossal nerve --> Motor
Name the foramen the spinal cord passes through
Foramen magnum
Name the segments of the spinal cord
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral/coccygeal
Name the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord
- Cervical enlargement (top)
- Lumbosacral enlargement (bottom)
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
At what disc level does the spinal cord end inferiorly?
What is this end called?
L1/L2
Conus medullaris
Describe the cauda equina
The nerve roots that extend below the end of the spinal cord (at L1/L2)
It contains all nerve roots below L2:
- L3-5
- S 1-5
- coccygeal
Name the nerve roots in each segment of the spine?
8 cervical - C1-C8
12 thoracic - T1-T12
5 lumbar - L1-L5
5 sacral - S1-S5
1 coccygeal - Co
How many spinal vertebrae are there?
33
Name the spinal vertebrae
cervical: C1-7
thoracic: T1-12
lumbar: L1-5
sacral: S1-5
coccygeal: 1-4
Describe the sacral vertebrae
All 5 are fused together
Describe the coccygeal vertebrae
All 4 are fused together
Give the naming rules for spinal nerves
Spinal nerves are named according to the vertebrae above it
- except the cervical nerves, where they are named for the vertebrae below it
Continue from slide 17
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