Basic (Planes, Position & Movement)

Question 1

Describe the anatomical position

Answer 1

Standing. Body facing anteriorly. Face and eyes facing anteriorly. Upper limbs lateral to body. Palm of hands facing anteriorly. Feet together, pointing anteriorly.

Question 2

Name the anatomical planes

Answer 2

Sagittal Plane
Median Sagittal Plane
Coronal Plane
Axial (Transverse) Plane

Question 3

Define the terms:

Anterior, Posterior, and Middle

Answer 3

Anterior:
Closer to the front of the body

Posterior:
Closer to the back of the body

Middle:
Equidistant from the anterior and posterior surfaces of the body

Question 4

Define the terms:

Superior/Cranial/rostral, and inferior/caudal

Answer 4

Superior/Cranial/rostral:
Nearer to the top of the head

Inferior/caudal:
Nearer to the soles of the feet

Question 5

Define the terms:

Median, lateral

Answer 5

Median:
Closer to the median sagittal plane

Lateral:
Further from the median sagittal plane

Question 6

Define the terms:

Proxmal, distal

And when are these terms used?

Answer 6

Proximal:
Nearer to the attachment of the limb to the body

Distal:
Further from the attachment of the limb to the body

These when describing position on a limb

Question 7

Define the terms:

Superficial, deep

Answer 7

Superficial:
Nearer to the surface of the body

Deep:
Further from the surface of the body

Question 8

Define the terms:

External, internal

Answer 8

External:
Further from the centre of the body/organ/tissue

Internal:
Nearer to the centre of the body/organ/tissue

Question 9

Name the dorsal surfaces of the body

Answer 9

Posterior of the wrist
Posterior of the hand
posterior of the tongue
Superior surface of the foot

Question 10

Give the names of the surfaces opposite to the dorsal surfaces

Answer 10

Volar - anterior surface of the wrist
Palmar - anterior surface of the hand
Ventral - anterior surface of the tongue
Plantar - inferior surface of the foot

Question 11

When would the terms “major” and “minor” be used to describe a structure

Answer 11

To differentiate it from relatively larger or smaller structures of the same name

Question 12

Name and define the terms used to describe the laterality of structures

Answer 12

Unilateral - Structure is found on only one side

Bilateral - paired structures, one on the left, one on the right

Mid-line - structure found on the median sagittal plane

Question 13

Name and define the terms used to describe the laterality of a structure in relation to another structure

Answer 13

Ipsilateral - the structure lies on the same side of the body as the structure it is being compared to

Contralateral - Structure lies on the opposite side of the body from the structure it is being compared to

Question 14

Give the name describing the following movements:

Decreasing the angle between the bones at a joint

Increasing the angle between the bones at a joint

Answer 14

Flexion - decreasing angle

Extension - increasing angle

Question 15

Define the terms:

Abduction, adduction

Answer 15

Abduction - movement away from the median plane

Adduction - movement towards the median plane

*a way to remember the correct term is that ADDuction is adding your limbs back together

Question 16

Name and define the types of rotation

Answer 16

Internal/Medial rotation:
The anterior surface rotates towards the median plane

External/Lateral rotation:
The anterior surface of the limb rotates away from the median plane

Question 17

Give the term describing:

A circular motion of a joint

Answer 17

Circumduction

Question 18

Name and define the movements of the foot in the coronal plane

Answer 18

Eversion - inferior surface of the foot rotates away from the median plane. e.g. sole moves to face laterally

Inversion - inferior surface of the foot rotates towards the median plane

*inversion = foot moves in

Question 19

Name and define the 2 rotations of the forearm

Answer 19

pronation - an internal/medial rotation from the anatomical position. (Move towards the prone position)

Supination - an external/lateral rotation towards the anatomical position. (towards the supine position)

Question 20

Define the term semi-prone

Answer 20

Describes the position of the forearm where the palmar surface faces medially

e.g. halfway between prone and supine

Question 21

Describe when the forearm is prone and when it is supine

Answer 21

supine - when the palmar surface is facing anteriorly. Like in the anatomical position

prone - when the palmar surface faces posteriorly

Question 22

Describe and do the 10 movements of the hand

Answer 22

Flexion & extension of wrist

Flexion and extension of digits

Opposition and reposition of fingers

Pronation and supination of palm

Abduction and adduction of digits

Question 23

Describe and do the movements of the thumb

Answer 23

Abduction and adduction

Flexion and extension

Opposition and reposition

Question 24

Describe and do a lateral flexion of your body

Answer 24

Move your body, above the waist, laterally. This can be done to the left or right

Question 25

Give and describe the movements involved in shrugging your shoulders

Answer 25

Elevation - the superior movement of your shoulders

Depression - the inferior movement of your shoulders

Question 26

Name the anterior and posterior movements of the jaw

Answer 26

anterior - protrusion

posterior - retrusion

Question 27

Describe the terms protraction and retraction

Answer 27

Protraction - the anterior movement of the scapula. It moves away from the spine

Retraction - the posterior movement of the scapula. It moves towards the spine