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MAP Year 1 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

controls the coordination of the body’s organs by making homeostatic changes with environmental changes

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2
Q

What two types of cells make up the nervous system?

A

Neurones

Neuroglia

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3
Q

What do neurones do?

A

receive, process and transmit electrical information

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4
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

speed up electrical signals within neurones
provide nutrients
assist neurone function
regulate communication between neurones

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5
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

brain and spinal column
spinal nerves- in pairs of mixed motor and sensory
cranial nerves- 12 pairs mixed sensory

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6
Q

What is the PNS (peripheral nervous system) made up of?

A

nerves outside of CNS

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7
Q

What are sensory nerves?

A

transmit impulses to the brain (afferent)
enter the spinal cord by the dorsal root
cell bodies are in the ganglia outside the spinal cord

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8
Q

What are motor nerves?

A

leave the spinal cord by the ventral root

transmit impulses from the brain (efferent)

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9
Q

What are the functions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A
  • controls bodies internal environment in a coordinated manner through a series of complex reflex actions
  • automatic control
  • Neurotransmitters are released and carry the signal to the next nerve or organ
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10
Q

What does the ANS regulate?

A 
blood pressure
heart rate
intestinal motility
pupil dilation
glandular tissue
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11
Q

What is viscera?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and some endocrine glands

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12
Q

What is the function of neurotransmitters?

A

impulses passed between nerves and synapses

transfer of impulses occur due to secretion of neurotransmitter chemicals

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13
Q

What is the semantic neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine ACh

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14
Q

What are the autonomic transmitters?

A

Sympathetic neurotransmitter
Noradrenaline involved in fight or flight

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine ACh involved in rest and digest

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15
Q

What is the parasympathetic responsible for?

A

Rest and digest
Normal maintenance
Promotes secretions and mobility of different parts of the digestive tract, urination and defecation
Initiated when appropriate
Vagus nerve is the chief parasympathetic nerve

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16
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

Fight or flight
Body has sudden burst of energy
Increases cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation
Routes blood to the muscles and raises blood sugar
Slows digestion and kidney filtration

17
Q

What is the neurone made up of?

A
  1. Cell Body- SOMA contains neurofibrils; single nucleus
  2. Axon- long cylindrical; transmits electrical impulses away from the cell
  3. Dendrites- receive impulses and transmit info towards the cell body

synaptic terminals- Boutons
basic functional unit

18
Q

What are Neuroglia?

A 
Supporting cells that....
separate and protect neurone
provide supportive framework
act as phagocytes 
regulate interstitial fluid
50% of the volume of the NS
19
Q

What are the neuroglia found in the CNS and what are their functions?

A

Astrocytes- blood brain barrier
Oligodendrocyte- forms myelin sheath
Microglia- Phagocytes, remove waste and pathogens
Ependymal- Line central canal and ventricles

20
Q

What are the neuroglia found in the PNS and what are their functions?

A

Satellite- surround cell bodies and ganglia neurones

Schwann Cells- forms myelin sheath around axons in the PNS

21
Q

What is the difference between white and grey matter?

A

Grey- unmyelinated
-Cerebellar cortex generates instructions on how to correct movements
-Deep cerebellar nuclei relay instructions to other parts of the brain
White- myelinated with oligodendrocytes
-Arbor vitae axons that carry info to and from cerebellar cortex

22
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements.
Coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.
Lesions cause clumsiness

23
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A 
The cerebrum or cortex is the largest, most complex part of the brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action.
Many folds (gyre and sulci) to increase surface area
24
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

controls certain metabolic processes and other activities of the ANS.
It synthesizes and secretes neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones.

homeostasis centre

nerve responses

25
Q

What is the function of the mesencephalon?

A

processing of visual and auditory data

26
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus

27
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

relays sensory info to the thalamus and other portions of the brain stem

swallowing and vomiting centres

regulation of blood pressure and breathing

pyramids- bulges of ventral surface major site for crossing of both sensory and motor nerves

reticular formation involved in consciousness attention and sleep

28
Q

what is the function of the mesencephalon?

A

processing visual and auditory data

29
Q

What are the Meninges?

A
  1. Dura Mater- outermost- firmly attached to the skull
  2. Arachnoid- middle layer
  3. Pia mater- bottom layer, firmly attached to the brain

inflammation if the brain meninges= meningitis

30
Q

What are Sulci and Gyri?

A

Sulci- fissures that split the cortex into different regions

Gyri- the bulges between sulci

31
Q

What are the two important landmarks on the cortex?

A

Central sulcus- separates frontal from parietal lobe

Lateral sulcus- (sylvanian fissure) separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes

32
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

major tract connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain

33
Q

Where do sensory nerves cross?

A

most motor and sensory nerves cross in the medulla oblongata

34
Q

What is the Diencephalon part of the brain and what does it contain?

A

region below the cortex
Thalamus- sensory relay center
Hypothalamus- centre of control of body functions
Pineal gland- secretes hormones melatonin- involved in sleep and attention

35
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

brain is a hollow tube with bulges that have 4 interconnected ventricles filled with CSF
CSF is clear, slightly alkaline fluid similar to plasma
secreted into ventricles by the choroid plexus
acts as support for the brain and spinal cord maintaining pressure on nervous tissue

36
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

blood supply important to brain as neurone have high demand for energy
CNS is protected from blood in general circulation by the blood brain barrier
endothelial cells in capillaries are very tightly bound together
only lipid soluble compounds can diffuse across the membranes of endothelial cells

37
Q

What are Spinal nerves?

A

Develop in pairs on segmented basis from the spinal cord

MAP Year 1 (10 decks)

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