Liver and Pancreas Flashcards
Where is the liver loacted?
caudal to the diaphragm
What is the blood supply of the Liver?
Hepatic artery- artery blood
Hepatic portal vein- deoxygenated
nutrients from the intestines to the liver for processing
Hepatic veins- transport the livers deoxygenated blood and blood which hasn’t been filtered by the liver
What occurs with the metabolism in the liver?
regulation blood glucose- carbohydrate metabolism
insulin and glucagon
Liver cells- glucose is either stored or converted to CO2 and water (oxidation) to release energy
an excess store of glucose converted to fat
glycogen can be converted back to glucose
How are lipids regulated?
liver removes excess lipids from the blood
breaks fats down or stores them in fat deposits
converts fatty acids and glycerol into phospholipids
How is protein metabolism regulated?
formation of plasma proteins
regulation of Amino acids
ammonia is the waste product
ammonia is changed into urea by the liver through decontamination and the ornithine cycle
What is bile and where is it stored?
Produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder
no enzymes
contain bile salts which emulsify fats making them smaller and therefore more easily broken down by lipase to form micelles
bile helps neutralise the acidic contents coming from the stomach
What are the functions of the liver?
decomposition of RBC’s
store vit A,D,E.K
formation of cholesterol
detoxification
hormone production
heat production
What is the role of the pancreas?
important in digestion and homeostasis
regulates internal environment
where is the pancreas found?
adjacent to proximal duodenum- pancreatic duct
divided into lobules by connective tissue septae
compound gland with clusters of exocrine cells- acini and endocrine pancreatic islets of langerhans
What is the role of exocrine acini?
secrete pancreatic juice
contain enzymes such as; pancreatic amylase
secretion regulated by neural and hormonal mechanism
duct cells- sodium bicarbonate
reduces acidity of digests coming from the stomach
protects SI mucosa
increases effectiveness of pancreatic enzymes
What do alpha cells produce?
glucagon
What do beta cells produce?
insulin (most abundant islet cell)
What do delta cells produce?
Somatostatin
What do PP cells produce?
pancreatic peptide
What is the homeostatic function of the pancreas?
important in maintaining blood glucose levels eg;
- levels too high (stores glucose)
- glycogen
- Insulin
- blood glucose levels fall
- glucagon is released
- glycogenesis
- gluconeogenesis
