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Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

sensory functions

A

receives incoming info from sensory receptors

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2
Q

integrative function

A

interprets and processes information to determine appropriate response

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3
Q

effector function

A

produces outgoing signals to initiate a response in muscles or glands

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4
Q

central nervous system consists of the

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

the peripheral nervous system consists of

A

the neural tissue outside of the central nervous tissue

  • peripheral nerves (cranial and spinal nerves)
  • peripheral ganglia (sensory ganglia, autonomic nervous system ganglia)
  • sensory organs of vision, hearing etc
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6
Q

CNS functions

A

directs immediate responses to stimuli

  • coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
  • provides and interprets sensory info about external conditions
  • reflexes
  • memory learning intelligence
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7
Q

_____ brings sensory info from receptors

A

afferent division

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8
Q

_____ carries motor commands to effector

A

efferent division

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9
Q

cells of the nervous system

A
  • nerve cells

- neuroglia (glial cells)

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10
Q

electrically active cells that process and conduct information in the form of electrical signals

A

nerve cells

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11
Q

PNS: satellite cells, schwann cells
CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

A

neuroglia

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12
Q

gray matter

A

Gray matter functions to integrate incoming information and to issue motor commands out to the peripheral division of the nervous system.

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13
Q

The gray matter in the spinal cord is a

A

sensory and motor relay, or synapse area

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14
Q

The corticospinal pathway begins in which area of the brain?

A

primary motor cortex

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15
Q

In a(n) ________ reflex, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron.

A

monosynaptic

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16
Q

In motor pathways, the only portion of the pathway that is outside of the CNS is the

A

axon of the lower motor neuron

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17
Q

Place the following events of a reflex arc in the correct order: 1) motor neuron activation, 2) sensory neuron activation, 3) sensory receptor activation, 4) Information processing, 5) effector response.

A

3, 2, 4, 1, 5

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18
Q

Commissural fibers

A

interconnect and allow communication between cerebral hemispheres.

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19
Q

In order to take notes the primary motor cortex must receive input from the ________ first.

A

premotor cortex

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20
Q

Which areas of the brain monitor and adjust activities of the motor pathways?

A

basal nuclei and cerebellum

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21
Q

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the

A

cerebellum

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22
Q

PNS neuroglial cells

A

satellite cells, schwann cells

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23
Q

CNS neuroglial cells

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

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24
Q

surround and support both nerve cell bodies and processes

A

neuroglial cells

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25
Q

posterior (dorsal) gray horns contains

A

somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

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26
Q

anterior ventral gray horns deal with

A

somatic motor control

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27
Q

lateral gray horns contain

A

visceral (ANS) motor neurons

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28
Q

size of grey matter related to

A

size of body are innervated

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29
Q

ascending white matter tracts

A

relay information from the spinal cord to the brain

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30
Q

carry info from the brain to the spinal cord

A

descending tracts

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31
Q

spinal nerves are a mixture of

A

sensory and motor fibers

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32
Q

each spinal nerve receives sensory input from one

A

dermatome

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33
Q

dermatomes

A

region of skin monitored by the sensory afferents of single spinal segment

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34
Q

grey matter of brain stem and brain

A

processing and integration

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35
Q

grey matter includes

A 
cortex of cerebral hemispheres
basal nuclei of cerebral hemispheres
thalamus
hypothalamus
cortex of cerebellum
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36
Q

highest level of processing in the

A

cortex of the cerebral hemisphere

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37
Q

thalamus controls processing of

A

sensory information

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38
Q

cortex of cerebellum in charge of

A

motor control

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39
Q

white matter of brainstem and brain in charge of

A

transmitting information

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40
Q

projection fibers

A

ascending and descending tracts o

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41
Q

subarachnoid space filled with

A

cerebral spinal fluid

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42
Q

basal nuclei of cerebral hemisphere in charge of

A

motor control

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43
Q

association fibers

A

connect between areas on the same side of the CNS

44
Q

where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

in the ventricles

45
Q

interneurons

A

association neurons

  • located mostly within the CNS
  • interconnect among nerve cells
46
Q

electrically active cells that process and conduct information in the form of electrical signals

A

nerve cells (neurons)

47
Q

ganglia

A

collections of cell bodies outside of the CNS

48
Q

satellite cells

A

regulate chemical environment

49
Q

schwann cells

A

involved in axon myelination

50
Q

surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia; regulate O2, CO2 nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia

A

satellite cells

51
Q

surround all axons in PNS

A

schwann cells

52
Q

responsible for myelination of peripheral axons; participate in repair process after injury

A

schwann cells

53
Q

surround myelinated and unmyelinated CNS axons

A

oligodendrocytes

54
Q

largest and most numerous of glial cells

A

astrocytes

55
Q

structural support; scar tissue formation

  • regulate interstitial fluid components
  • blood brain barrier
A

astrocytes

56
Q

tight junctions between endothelial cells

A

blood brain barrier- restricts migration of cells and diffusion of molecules out of capillaries of brain

57
Q

tight junctions between ependymal cells

A

blood brain barrier- restricts diffusion of CSF out of ventricles

58
Q

microglia

A

phagocytic cells-remove debris, pathogens, etc.

59
Q

ependymal cells

A

line chambers within CNS
produce CSF in choroid plexus regions
circulate cerebrospinal fluid

60
Q

damage to nerve cell soma leads t o

A

cell death

61
Q

how is damage to nerve cell axon in CNS repaired?

A
  • oligodendrocytes reabsorb myelin
  • astrocytes
  • growth inhibiting factors secreted by oligodendrocytes and astrocytes
62
Q

how is damage to nerve cell axon in PNS

A

schwann cell myelin pathway can regenerate axons and sensory dendrites

63
Q

bioelectricity

A

flow of ions

64
Q

diffusion

A

move from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration

65
Q

driving force for ion flow across the cell membrane

A

transmembrane potential

66
Q

extracellular fluid

A

higher concentration of Na+ ions, Cl- ions, and Ca2+ ions

67
Q

intracellular fluid

A

higher concentration of K+ ions and negatively charged proteins

68
Q

concentration gradients maintained by

A

active transport of sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into into cell (Na+/K+ ATPase exchange pump)

69
Q

gated ion channels

A

pathway for ion flow across the cell membrane

- gated channels open in response to various signals (stimuli)

70
Q
A

gated ion channels open

71
Q

flow of electrons

-force is an electrical gradient

A

electricity

72
Q

flow of ions

- force is chemical gradient and electrical gradient combined

A

bioelectricity

73
Q

local currents (graded potentials) transmit ____ signals over short distances

A

bioelectric

74
Q

_____ needed to transmit bioelectrical signals over long distances

A

action potentials

75
Q

action potential voltage channel that
- open rapidly in response to depolarization
-

A

sodium ion channel

76
Q

inactivate rapidly after opening and can not reopen until return to resting state

A

absolute refractory period-can not reopen

77
Q
  • open slowly in response to depolarization

- close slowly after repolarization

A

potassium ion channel

78
Q

continuous propagation

A

unmyelinated axons

- propagation of action potential along entire membrane in series of small steps

79
Q

saltatory propagation

A

myelinated axons

- propagation of action potential from node to node, skipping internodal membrane

80
Q

type A fibers

A

largest diameter, myelinated, fastest

81
Q

type B fibers

A

small diameter, myelinated, moderate

82
Q

type C fibers

A

small diameter, unmyelinated, slowest

83
Q

excitatory post synaptic potential

A
  • gated channel opens for Na+ ion channels

- depolarizing synaptic potential that promotes action potential initiation by bringing axon hillock closer to threshold

84
Q

inhibitory post-synaptic potential

A

gated channel opens for potassium or chloride ion channels

- hyperpolarizing synaptic potential that suppresses action potential intiation

85
Q

spacial summation

A

occurs when sources of stimulation arrive simultaneously, but at different locations

86
Q

temporal summation

A
87
Q

agonists

A

mimic effect of neurotransmitter

88
Q

antagonist

A

blocking agent

89
Q

spinal nerves include

A

anterior horn of spinal cord

90
Q

cranial nerves include

A

motor nuclei in brainstem

91
Q

motor control centers

A

motor area of cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum, brainstem centers, spinal cord

92
Q

reflex

A

direct sensory information to motor neuron

93
Q

neural reflex pathways involve

A

sensory input to CNS and motor neuron output to effectors

94
Q

divergence

A

neurotransmitter onto all neurons on which sensory neuron synapses

95
Q

convergence

A

motor neuron receives multiple inputs that determine AP frequency

96
Q

cerebral cortex plans and initiates muscle movements

A

voluntary reflex

97
Q

how does a reflex happen

A
  • activation of sensory neuron

- AP in sensory neuron propagates into CNS (NT released onto all neurons on which sensory neuron synapses (divergence))

98
Q

sensory neuron in motor neuron out

A

reflex arc

99
Q

contract (excitatory) flexors and inhibit extensor

A

ipsilateral

100
Q

contract (excitatory) extensors inhibit flexors

A

contralateral

101
Q

all voluntary motor commands sent out by the

A

primary cortex

102
Q

premotor cortex

A

somatic motor association area

  • interpret incoming data and coordinate learned motor responses
  • speech center
  • eye field
103
Q

corticospinal and corticobulbar pathways

A
  • provides skeletal muscle control via rapid direct pathway
104
Q

medial pathway

A

primarily control muscle tone and gross movement of the neck, trunk, and proximal limb muscles

105
Q

lateral pathway

A

muscle tone and precise movements of distal parts of the limbs

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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