Chapter 1 Flashcards
autoregulation
cells, tissues, or organ systems can sense various environmental changes
extrinsic regulation
nervous system or endocrine system can sense various environmental changes and send signals to cells, tissues, organs or organ systems causing activation of response mechanisms that adjust activity
negative feedback
a way of counteracting a change
receptor, control center, effector
positive feedback
initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the original change
carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
monosaccharides contain
glucose, fructose, galactose
disaccharides contain
sucrose and lactose
polysaccharides contain
starch, glycogen, and cellulose
amino acids contain
an amino group, a carboxyl group and an R group
glycoproteins
large protein molecules with carbs attatched
proteoglycans
large polysaccharides linked by polypeptide chains
metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions in the body
catabolism
break down complex molecules
release energy
anabolism
synthesis of new molecules uses energy
cell membrane functions
physical isolation
regulation of exchange with the environment
proteasomes
digest damaged or abnormal proteins
peroxisomes
enzymatic breakdown of lipids and toxins
lysosomes
vesicles with multiple types of digestive enzymes
rough ER synthesizes
proteins
involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
smooth ER
packages and processes products of the RER and SER
golgi apparatus
produce collagen
fibroblasts
intracellular connections
tight junctions
gap junctions
desmosomes
merocrine secretions
product released through exocytosis
apocrine
involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm.
piece of cell pinches off
holocrine
destroys the cell
cutaneous membrane includes
epidermis and dermis
which skin layer contains mostly adipose/
subcutaneous layer
accessory structures in the integumentary system
hair follicles
nails
exocrine glands
epidermis is attached to the dermis by
basal lamina
langerhans cells
a cell in the immune system. respond to microorganisms when you get cut
merkel cells
related to the sensory system
dermis includes which layers
papillary layer (loose connective tissue) reticular layer (dense irregular tissue)
which layer provides structural strength and elasticity to skin
dermis
dilate for
heat loss
constrict for
heat conservation
steroid that is used to make calcitriol
Vitamin D3 cholecalciferol
calcitriol
hormone that stimulates bone growth
in which epidermal levels do we have stem cells?
stratum germinativum
where do the epidermal cells begin to go through the transition of dying
stratum granulosom
all cells dead in which cell layer
stratum cornermen
___ in red blood cells provide color
hemoglobin
cyanosis
hemoglobin with low oxygen levels
hyperkeratosis
friction on the skin which causes the skin to work harder therefore thickening it
club hair
hair no longer growing with age and changes in hormones
which sweat glands cause body odor/
apocrine gland
ceruminous
wax producing glands of ear canal
sudoriferous
sweat glands
merocrine and apocrine
where do merocrine glands secrete
directly onto skin surface
where do apocrine glands secrete
hair follicles, arm pits, genital area
sebum
waxy discharge onto hair or onto epidermal surface
Parathyroid hormone
Increases blood calcium levels
Calcitonin
Decreases blood calcium levels
Osteopenia
Osteoblast activity declines with declining levels of sec hormones.
Reduction in bone mass
Osteoporosis
Loss of bone mass sufficient to comprise normal function
Endochondral ossification
Bone replaces existing cartilage
Intramembraneous ossification
Bone develops directly from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue
