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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

autoregulation

A

cells, tissues, or organ systems can sense various environmental changes

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2
Q

extrinsic regulation

A

nervous system or endocrine system can sense various environmental changes and send signals to cells, tissues, organs or organ systems causing activation of response mechanisms that adjust activity

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3
Q

negative feedback

A

a way of counteracting a change

receptor, control center, effector

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4
Q

positive feedback

A

initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the original change

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5
Q

carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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6
Q

monosaccharides contain

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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7
Q

disaccharides contain

A

sucrose and lactose

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8
Q

polysaccharides contain

A

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

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9
Q

amino acids contain

A

an amino group, a carboxyl group and an R group

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10
Q

glycoproteins

A

large protein molecules with carbs attatched

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11
Q

proteoglycans

A

large polysaccharides linked by polypeptide chains

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12
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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13
Q

catabolism

A

break down complex molecules

release energy

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14
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of new molecules uses energy

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15
Q

cell membrane functions

A

physical isolation

regulation of exchange with the environment

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16
Q

proteasomes

A

digest damaged or abnormal proteins

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17
Q

peroxisomes

A

enzymatic breakdown of lipids and toxins

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18
Q

lysosomes

A

vesicles with multiple types of digestive enzymes

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19
Q

rough ER synthesizes

A

proteins

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20
Q

involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

A

smooth ER

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21
Q

packages and processes products of the RER and SER

A

golgi apparatus

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22
Q

produce collagen

A

fibroblasts

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23
Q

intracellular connections

A

tight junctions
gap junctions
desmosomes

24
Q

merocrine secretions

A

product released through exocytosis

25
Q

apocrine

A

involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm.

piece of cell pinches off

26
Q

holocrine

A

destroys the cell

27
Q

cutaneous membrane includes

A

epidermis and dermis

28
Q

which skin layer contains mostly adipose/

A

subcutaneous layer

29
Q

accessory structures in the integumentary system

A

hair follicles
nails
exocrine glands

30
Q

epidermis is attached to the dermis by

A

basal lamina

31
Q

langerhans cells

A

a cell in the immune system. respond to microorganisms when you get cut

32
Q

merkel cells

A

related to the sensory system

33
Q

dermis includes which layers

A 
papillary layer (loose connective tissue)
reticular layer (dense irregular tissue)
34
Q

which layer provides structural strength and elasticity to skin

A

dermis

35
Q

dilate for

A

heat loss

36
Q

constrict for

A

heat conservation

37
Q

steroid that is used to make calcitriol

A

Vitamin D3 cholecalciferol

38
Q

calcitriol

A

hormone that stimulates bone growth

39
Q

in which epidermal levels do we have stem cells?

A

stratum germinativum

40
Q

where do the epidermal cells begin to go through the transition of dying

A

stratum granulosom

41
Q

all cells dead in which cell layer

A

stratum cornermen

42
Q

___ in red blood cells provide color

A

hemoglobin

43
Q

cyanosis

A

hemoglobin with low oxygen levels

44
Q

hyperkeratosis

A

friction on the skin which causes the skin to work harder therefore thickening it

45
Q

club hair

A

hair no longer growing with age and changes in hormones

46
Q

which sweat glands cause body odor/

A

apocrine gland

47
Q

ceruminous

A

wax producing glands of ear canal

48
Q

sudoriferous

A

sweat glands

merocrine and apocrine

49
Q

where do merocrine glands secrete

A

directly onto skin surface

50
Q

where do apocrine glands secrete

A

hair follicles, arm pits, genital area

51
Q

sebum

A

waxy discharge onto hair or onto epidermal surface

52
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases blood calcium levels

53
Q

Calcitonin

A

Decreases blood calcium levels

54
Q

Osteopenia

A

Osteoblast activity declines with declining levels of sec hormones.
Reduction in bone mass

55
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone mass sufficient to comprise normal function

56
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Bone replaces existing cartilage

57
Q

Intramembraneous ossification

A

Bone develops directly from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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