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BIO 121 - Intro to A&P > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Supporting Cells

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Obligodendrocytes

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2
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star-shaped
Nearly half of all neural tissue

Brace and anchor neurons to their supply line, blood capillaries; form living barrier between capillaries and neuron

Help control chemical environment in brain

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3
Q

Microglia

A

Spider-like phagocytes that dispose of debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria

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4
Q

Ependymal

A

Line central cavities of brain and spinal cord.

Ependymal cilia helps circulate CSF, forming protective cushioning around CNS

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5
Q

Obligodendrocytes

A

Myelin sheath wrappings around nerve fibers in CNS

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6
Q

Types of motor/efferent divisions

A

Somatic

Autonomic

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7
Q

Types of autonomic divisions

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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8
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Made up of obligodendrocytes in CNS
Called Schwann Cells in PNS

Protect and insulate nerve fibers

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9
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Several processes extending from cell body

Most common

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10
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Two processes - an axon and a dendrite

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11
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

Single process extending from cell body

Very short, and divides almost immediately into proximal (central) and distal (peripheral).

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12
Q

Two neuron functional properties

A

Irritability

Conductivity

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13
Q

Nerve impulse steps

A
  1. Resting Potential
  2. Local Depolarization
  3. Depolarization and generation of Action Potential
  4. Porpagation of the action potential
  5. Repolarization
  6. Hyperpolarization
  7. Return to resting state
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14
Q

Reflex arc steps

A
  1. Sensory receptor
  2. Sensory/afferent pathway
  3. Integration center (interneuron/synapse in ventral horn gray matter)
  4. Motor/efferent pathway
  5. Effector
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15
Q

Cerebrum parts

A 
Sucli
Gyri
Cerebral Cortex/Gray Matter
White Matter (inside)
Lobes
Hemispheres
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16
Q

Diencephalon/Interbrain parts

A 
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
  - Pituitary gland
Epithalamus
  - Pineal Body
  - Choroid Process
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17
Q

Brain Stem parts

A 
Midbrain
  - Cerebral penduncles
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Reticular Formation
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18
Q

Cerebellum parts

A

Arbor Vitae
Cerebellar Cortex
Hemispheres

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19
Q

Meninges

A

Dura mater –> Arachnoid mater –> Subarachnoid Space –> Pia mater

20
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

“Water on the brain”

When CSF accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain

Seen mainly in newborns, as fontanels are still present

21
Q

Concussion

A

Slight brain injury

Dizzy, “see stars,” or lose consciousness briefly, but no permanent brain damage

22
Q

Contusion

A

Marked tissue destruction

Cerebral cortex injured –> may remain conscious
Brain stem injured –> coma, hours to lifetime

23
Q

Nerve wrappings

A

Nerve –> Epineurium
Fascicle –> Perineurium
Nerve fiber –> Endoneurium

24
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Motor subdivision of PNS responsible for involuntary actions.

  • Cardiac and smooth muscle
  • Glands

Divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

25
Q

Autonomic Nervous System - Nerve Impulse

A

Nerve impulses typically in three parts: preganglionic axon, ganglion, postganglionic axon

26
Q

ANS - Sympathetic Division

A

“Fight or flight;” working full speed when emotionally upset and physically stressed

Thoracolumbar division of spinal cells (T1 - L2)

27
Q

ANS - Parasympathetic Division

A

“Resting and digesting” system

28
Q

When does the nervous system form?

A

First month of embryonic development

29
Q

Biggest danger to child during pregnancy?

A

Maternal infection

  • lack of oxygen to brain
  • smoking
  • radiation
  • alcohol
30
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Neuromuscular disability in which the voluntary muscles are poorly controlled and spastic because of brain damage

31
Q

Anencephaly

A

Failure of the cerebrum to develop, resulting in a child who cannot hear, see, or process sensory inputs

32
Q

Spina bifida

A

Vertebrae form incompletely

33
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

Type of low blood pressure resulting from changes in body position, such as getting up too quickly and passing out

34
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Results in a decreasing supply of oxygen to the brain neurons.

35
Q

Senility

A

Gradual lack of oxygen due to the aging process.

Forgetfulness, irritability, difficulty in concentrating and thinking clearly, and confusion

36
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex

Tells us if sensations are nice or bad

37
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulation of body temperature
Water balance
Metabolism
Pituitary gland

Center for many drives and emotions (limbic system)

38
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Forms CSF

39
Q

Brain stem functions

A

Houses nuclei that produce the ridigly programmed autonomic behaviors necessary for survival

Controls breathing and blood pressure

40
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

Provides the precise timing for skeletal muscle activity

Controls balance and equillibrium

41
Q

Primary motor area location

A

Cerebral cortex, anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal lobe

42
Q

Primary somatic sensory area location

A

Parietal lobe, posterior to the central sulcus

43
Q

Fissure

A

Much bigger and more apparent sulci; separates parietal lobes, for example

44
Q

Broca’s area

A

Found at base of precentral gyrus (gyrus anterior to the central sulcus; usually left cerebral hemisphere)

Allows for ability to speak clearly

45
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Allows for ability to speak with accuracy of vocabulary

46
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between Schwann Cells

BIO 121 - Intro to A&P (8 decks)

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