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BIO 121 - Intro to A&P > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Five Functions of the bones

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Storage
Blood cell formation
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2
Q

Four Shapes of bone

A

Short
Long
Flat
Irregular

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3
Q

Two Types of bone

A

Compact: dense, outer layer of bone, organized osteons
Spongy: the squishy stuff we have inside the compact bone, interconnecting trabeculae

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4
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of long bone

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5
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous connective tissue membrane, covering the diaphysis.

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6
Q

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

A

Connective tissue fibers that secure periosteum to underlying bone.

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7
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of long bone

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8
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers the external surface of the epiphysis.

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9
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

In adult bone, the thin line spanning the epiphysis that looks a bit different.

Originated from epiphyseal plate.

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10
Q

Red marrow

A

Formation of red blood cells in diaphysis, in infants

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11
Q

Yellow Marrow/Medullary Cavity

A

Adipose tissue storage in diaphysis, in adults.

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12
Q

Categories of bone markings

A
  • protections/processes

- depressions/cavities

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13
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells, found in lacunae.

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14
Q

Central/Haversian Canals

A

Vertical blood-bearing canal in bone, around which lamellae circle.

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15
Q

Osteon

A

Complex consisting of central canal and matrix rings (lacunae)

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16
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny canals that radiate outward from central canals to all lacunae.

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17
Q

Perforating/Volkmann’s Canal

A

Canals running into the compact bone at right angles to the shaft.

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18
Q

Ossification (and its two phases)

A

When bones develop using hyaline cartilage as their “model.”

Two phases: 1) Hyaline model is completely covered with bone matrix by osteoblasts.
2) The enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity within new bone.

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19
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells

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20
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Osteoblasts in the periosteum add bone tissue to the external face of the diaphysis as osteoclasts in the endosteum remove bone from the inner face of the diaphysis wall.

When bone increases in diameter.

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21
Q

Growth hormone

A

Most important to long-bone growth

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22
Q

Sex hormone

A

Most important to long-bone growth during puberty

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23
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Giant bone destroying cells in bones

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24
Q

Bones are remodeled continually in response to changes in two factors:

A

1) calcium levels in the blood

2) the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

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25
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Released by parathyroid gland when blood calcium levels drop below homeostatic levels PTH releases osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood.
26
Rickets
Disease of children in which the bones fail to calcify.
27
Closed/simple fracture
Bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin.
28
Open/compound fracture
When bone ends penetrate the skin.
29
Closed reduction
Bone ends are coaxed back into their normal position by the physician's hands.
30
Open reduction
Surgery is performed and the bone ends are secured together with pins or wires.
31
Hematoma
Blood-filled swelling that is formed when blood vessels are ruptured, when the bone breaks.
32
Fibrocartilage callus
With regards to bone repair, it is a mass of repair tissue, containing some cartilage matrix, some bony matrix, and collagen fibers.
33
Bony callus
Made of spongy bone, and replaces fibrocartilage callus.
34
Four steps to bone fracture repair:
1. A hematoma forms. 2. The break is splinted by a fibrocartilage callus. 3. The bony callus forms. 4. Bone remodeling occurs.
35
Squamous sutures
Sutures connecting temporal and parietal bones.
36
Cribriform plates
Allow nerve fibers carrying impulses from the olfactory (smell) receptors of the nose to reach the brain. Part of the ethmoid bone.
37
Crista galli
Part of ethmoid bone.
38
Hyoid bone
Only bone in body that does not articulate with any other bone. Serves as a movable base for the tongue and as an attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx when we swallow and speak.
39
Primary curvatures
Spinal curvatures in the thoracic and sacral regions present at birth.
40
Secondary curvatures
Curvatures in cervical and lumbar regions that develop short time after birth.
41
Scoliosis
When spine is deformed to the left or right
42
Kyphosis
When the upper part of spine is arched more posteriorly
43
Lordosis
When the lower part of spine is arched more anteriorly
44
Projection (Muscle and Ligament): Process
Any bone prominence.
45
Projection (Joint): Head
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.
46
Projection (Joint): Facet
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface.
47
Depression/Opening: Meatus
Canal-like passageway
48
Depression/Opening: Fossa
Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface.
49
Depression/Opening: Foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone.
50
Comminuted Fracture
Bone breaks into many fragments Common in older people, whose bones are more brittle.
51
Compression Fracture
Bone is crushed Common in porous bones
52
Depressed Fracture
Broken bone portion is pressed inward Typical of skull fracture
53
Impacted Fracture
Broken bone ends are forced into each other Commonly occurs when one attempts to break a fall with outstretched arms
54
Spiral Fracture
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone. Common sports fracture
55
Greenstick Fracture
Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks Common in children, whose bones are more flexible than those of adults
56
Three types of joints
Fibrous Joints Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints
57
Three Types of Fibrous Joints
Suture Syndesmosis Gomphosis
58
Two Types of Cartilaginous Joints
Synchondrosis | Symphysis
59
Six Types of Synovial Joints
``` Plane/Gliding Hinge Pivot Condyloid/Ellipsoid Ball and Socket Saddle ```
60
Bursitis
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61
Sprain
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62
Arthritis
Initial symptoms: pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joint. The synovial membrane thickens and fluid production decreases, leading to increased friction and pain.
63
Osteoarthritis
Chronic degenerative condition that typically affects the aged. Affects articular cartilages. Over the years, the cartilage softens, frays, and eventually breaks down...
64
Bone Spurs
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65
Crepitus
The crunching noise that joints can make when they're moved
66
Rheumatoid Arthritis
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67
Pannus
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68
Ankylosis
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69
Gouty Arthritis
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70
Osteoporosis
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71
Differences between adult and infant skull
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72
Frontanels
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73
Bursae
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74
Autoimmune Disease
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BIO 121 - Intro to A&P (8 decks)

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