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Bio 30 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Coordinates incoming and outgoing information

Contains brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Carries information between The body organs environment and central nervous system.

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3
Q

PNS somatic nerves

A

Nerves control the skeletal muscles bones and skin

Sensory (afferent) somatic nerves (environment to the CNS

Motor (efferent) somatic nerves (CNS organs or cells)

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4
Q

PNS autonomic nerves

A

Motor nerves that control the internal organs of the body (involuntary)

Sympathetic nerve: prepare the body for stress

Parasympathetic nerves: returns The body to normal after stress

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5
Q

Glial:

A

Glial: for structural support, make Myelin

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6
Q

Dendrites:

A

Receive impulses and conduct them towards the cell body of the neuron

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7
Q

Cell body (soma)

A

Control centre of the neuron

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8
Q

Axon:

A

Conduct impulses away from the cell body and towards other neurons or effectors.

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9
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Gaps between sections of the myelin sheath that allow impulses to jump from one node to another

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10
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty white coat that cover the axon of some neurons

acts as an insulator for nerve cell

Not all cells with myelin have neurolemma, however all cells with neurolemma have myelin

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11
Q

White matter

Grey matter

A

Neurons that are myelinated

Neurons that are in myelinated and lack neurilemma

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12
Q

Sensory/afferent neurons

A

Carry information from the environment to the CNS for processing

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13
Q

Interneurons

A

Link or connect neurons together In the CNS. they also carry impulses in the CNS

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14
Q

Motor efferent neurons

A

Carry information from the CNS to the body effectors (muscles,glands,organs)

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15
Q

Reflex arc

A
  1. Heat is detected by temperature receptors in skin
  2. sensory neuron passes the signal from the skin on to The interneuron
  3. Interneuron relays a message to the motor neuron to move hand
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16
Q

Action potential

Depolarization

A

Difusion of sodium ions into the nerve cell resulting in charge reversal

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17
Q

Action potential

Repolarization

A

Process of restoring the original polarity of the nerve membrane by potassium rushing out of the nerve cell

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18
Q

Action potential

Hyperpolarization

A

Inside of the nerve cell has a greater negative charge than the resting membrane, caused by excessive diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell

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19
Q

Action potential

Refractory period

A

The recovery period between a neuron can generate another action potential, starting with repolarization

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20
Q

Action potential

All or none response

A

The idea that nerve and muscle cells respond maximally or not at all

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21
Q

Action potential

Threshold level

A

The minimum level of a stimulus required to initiate an action potential

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22
Q

The synapse

Synapse

A

Small gap between neurons or between neurons and effectors

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23
Q

The synapse

Presynaptic neuron

A

A neuron which carries impulses towards the synapse

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24
Q

The synapse

Post synaptic neuron

A

A neuron which carries impulses away from the synapse

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25
Q

Neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine

A

A neurotransmitter released by presynaptic neuron’s that causes postsynaptic neuron to become very permeable to sodium ions

26
Q

Neurotransmitters

Cholinesterase

A

And enzyme released by presynaptic neuron’s after the release of acetylcholine, breaks down acetylcholine that remains within the synapse

27
Q

Neurotransmitters

Norepinephrine

A

Speeds nerve transmission at some synapses inhibitory at others

28
Q

Cerebrum

A

Part of the brain Made up of two hemispheres and four lobes

29
Q

Cerebrum

Occipital lobe

A

Located at the back of the brain

interprets visual information

30
Q

Cerebrum

Frontal lobe

A

Located in front of the central sulcus

Concerned with reasoning, planning, parts of speech and movement, emotions, problems solving, personality, and intellectual activities

31
Q

Cerebrum

Temporel lobe

A

Located below the lateral fissure.

Concerned with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli and memory

32
Q

Cerebrum

Parietal lobe

A

Located behind the central sulcus

Concerned with perception of stimuli related to touch pressure temperature taste and pain

33
Q

The midbrain

A

Located below the centre of the cerebrum

Composed of four bundles of gray matter acts as a relay centre for eye and ear reflexes

34
Q

Cerebellum

A

Part of the hindbrain

Controls balance coordination of little movements and muscle tone

35
Q

Pons

A

Pass his information between the Two regions of the cerebellum

Connects the cerebellum to the cerebrum midbrain and the Mendella

36
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Regulates heart rate, breathing rate, diameter of blood vessels

37
Q

Peripheral nervous system

Sensory somatic

A

Division that brings information about the external environment to the central nervous system and sends information back to the skeletal muscles (voluntary)

38
Q

Peripheral nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

A

Brings information about the body’s internal environment to the CNS and carry signals back to regulate the internal environment (involuntary)

39
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

Prepares the body for stress

40
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Reverses the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

41
Q

Cornea

A

Trans parent dome shaped

window covering the front of the eyes

42
Q

Sclera

A

The white of the eye

Protective layer and maintains eye shape

43
Q

Aqueous humour

A

Thin watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the iris

Nourishes the cornea and the lens

Gives the front of the eye it’s form and shape

44
Q

Choroid

A

composed of layers of blood vessels that nourish the back of the eye

45
Q

Iris

A

Coloured part of the eye

Controls light levels inside the eye

46
Q

Pupil

A

Opening in the centre of the iris

47
Q

Lens

A

Located just behind the iris

Focusses light onto the retina

48
Q

Vitreous humour

A

Thick transparent substance that fills the centre of the eye

Comprises about two thirds of the eyes volume

49
Q

Retina

A

Multilayered sensory tissue that lines the back of the eye

Contains millions of photo receptors that capture light rays and convert them into electrical impulses

50
Q

Rods

A

Respond to black and white

Located in all parts of the eye besides the fovea

51
Q

Cones

A

Responsible for acute vision and colour vision

Mostly located on the fovea

52
Q

Macula

A

Located roughly in the centre of the retina

Small and highly sensitive part of the retina responsible for detailed central vision

53
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Very centre of the macula

Most sensitive area of the retina

54
Q

Optic nerve

A

Transmit electrical impulses from the retina to the brain

55
Q

Pinna

A

Ask like a tunnel collecting sound from the large area and channelling it into a small canal

56
Q

Auditory canal

A

Carrie sound to the eardrum

57
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear

Received sound vibrations and passes them to the ossicles

58
Q

Oval window

A

Small membrane which receives sound waves from the stapes.

59
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Extends from middle ear to the air in mouth and nose

Allows for equalization of air pressure

60
Q

Vestibule

A

Connected to the oval window and house is twi small sacs the utricle and Saccule, which establish head position

61
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Arranged at different angles and filled with fluid

Helps determine body movement

62
Q

Cochlea

A

Shaped like a snail shell and contain specialized hairs that transmit sound waves to nerve impulses via the auditory nerve

Bio 30 (5 decks)

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