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Bio 30 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Coordinates incoming and outgoing information

Contains brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Carries information between The body organs environment and central nervous system.

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3
Q

PNS somatic nerves

A

Nerves control the skeletal muscles bones and skin

Sensory (afferent) somatic nerves (environment to the CNS

Motor (efferent) somatic nerves (CNS organs or cells)

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4
Q

PNS autonomic nerves

A

Motor nerves that control the internal organs of the body (involuntary)

Sympathetic nerve: prepare the body for stress

Parasympathetic nerves: returns The body to normal after stress

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5
Q

Glial:

A

Glial: for structural support, make Myelin

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6
Q

Dendrites:

A

Receive impulses and conduct them towards the cell body of the neuron

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7
Q

Cell body (soma)

A

Control centre of the neuron

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8
Q

Axon:

A

Conduct impulses away from the cell body and towards other neurons or effectors.

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9
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Gaps between sections of the myelin sheath that allow impulses to jump from one node to another

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10
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty white coat that cover the axon of some neurons

acts as an insulator for nerve cell

Not all cells with myelin have neurolemma, however all cells with neurolemma have myelin

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11
Q

White matter

Grey matter

A

Neurons that are myelinated

Neurons that are in myelinated and lack neurilemma

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12
Q

Sensory/afferent neurons

A

Carry information from the environment to the CNS for processing

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13
Q

Interneurons

A

Link or connect neurons together In the CNS. they also carry impulses in the CNS

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14
Q

Motor efferent neurons

A

Carry information from the CNS to the body effectors (muscles,glands,organs)

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15
Q

Reflex arc

A
  1. Heat is detected by temperature receptors in skin
  2. sensory neuron passes the signal from the skin on to The interneuron
  3. Interneuron relays a message to the motor neuron to move hand
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16
Q

Action potential

Depolarization

A

Difusion of sodium ions into the nerve cell resulting in charge reversal

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17
Q

Action potential

Repolarization

A

Process of restoring the original polarity of the nerve membrane by potassium rushing out of the nerve cell

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18
Q

Action potential

Hyperpolarization

A

Inside of the nerve cell has a greater negative charge than the resting membrane, caused by excessive diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell

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19
Q

Action potential

Refractory period

A

The recovery period between a neuron can generate another action potential, starting with repolarization

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20
Q

Action potential

All or none response

A

The idea that nerve and muscle cells respond maximally or not at all

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21
Q

Action potential

Threshold level

A

The minimum level of a stimulus required to initiate an action potential

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22
Q

The synapse

Synapse

A

Small gap between neurons or between neurons and effectors

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23
Q

The synapse

Presynaptic neuron

A

A neuron which carries impulses towards the synapse

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24
Q

The synapse

Post synaptic neuron

A

A neuron which carries impulses away from the synapse

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25
Neurotransmitters | Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter released by presynaptic neuron's that causes postsynaptic neuron to become very permeable to sodium ions
26
Neurotransmitters | Cholinesterase
And enzyme released by presynaptic neuron's after the release of acetylcholine, breaks down acetylcholine that remains within the synapse
27
Neurotransmitters | Norepinephrine
Speeds nerve transmission at some synapses inhibitory at others
28
Cerebrum
Part of the brain Made up of two hemispheres and four lobes
29
Cerebrum | Occipital lobe
Located at the back of the brain interprets visual information
30
Cerebrum | Frontal lobe
Located in front of the central sulcus Concerned with reasoning, planning, parts of speech and movement, emotions, problems solving, personality, and intellectual activities
31
Cerebrum | Temporel lobe
Located below the lateral fissure. Concerned with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli and memory
32
Cerebrum | Parietal lobe
Located behind the central sulcus Concerned with perception of stimuli related to touch pressure temperature taste and pain
33
The midbrain
Located below the centre of the cerebrum Composed of four bundles of gray matter acts as a relay centre for eye and ear reflexes
34
Cerebellum
Part of the hindbrain Controls balance coordination of little movements and muscle tone
35
Pons
Pass his information between the Two regions of the cerebellum Connects the cerebellum to the cerebrum midbrain and the Mendella
36
Medulla oblongata
Regulates heart rate, breathing rate, diameter of blood vessels
37
Peripheral nervous system | Sensory somatic
Division that brings information about the external environment to the central nervous system and sends information back to the skeletal muscles (voluntary)
38
Peripheral nervous system Autonomic nervous system
Brings information about the body's internal environment to the CNS and carry signals back to regulate the internal environment (involuntary)
39
sympathetic nervous system
Prepares the body for stress
40
Parasympathetic nervous system
Reverses the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
41
Cornea
Trans parent dome shaped | window covering the front of the eyes
42
Sclera
The white of the eye Protective layer and maintains eye shape
43
Aqueous humour
Thin watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the iris Nourishes the cornea and the lens Gives the front of the eye it's form and shape
44
Choroid
composed of layers of blood vessels that nourish the back of the eye
45
Iris
Coloured part of the eye Controls light levels inside the eye
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Pupil
Opening in the centre of the iris
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Lens
Located just behind the iris Focusses light onto the retina
48
Vitreous humour
Thick transparent substance that fills the centre of the eye Comprises about two thirds of the eyes volume
49
Retina
Multilayered sensory tissue that lines the back of the eye Contains millions of photo receptors that capture light rays and convert them into electrical impulses
50
Rods
Respond to black and white Located in all parts of the eye besides the fovea
51
Cones
Responsible for acute vision and colour vision Mostly located on the fovea
52
Macula
Located roughly in the centre of the retina Small and highly sensitive part of the retina responsible for detailed central vision
53
Fovea centralis
Very centre of the macula Most sensitive area of the retina
54
Optic nerve
Transmit electrical impulses from the retina to the brain
55
Pinna
Ask like a tunnel collecting sound from the large area and channelling it into a small canal
56
Auditory canal
Carrie sound to the eardrum
57
Tympanic membrane
Thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear Received sound vibrations and passes them to the ossicles
58
Oval window
Small membrane which receives sound waves from the stapes.
59
Eustachian tube
Extends from middle ear to the air in mouth and nose Allows for equalization of air pressure
60
Vestibule
Connected to the oval window and house is twi small sacs the utricle and Saccule, which establish head position
61
Semicircular canals
Arranged at different angles and filled with fluid Helps determine body movement
62
Cochlea
Shaped like a snail shell and contain specialized hairs that transmit sound waves to nerve impulses via the auditory nerve

Bio 30 (5 decks)

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