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Phys Test 2 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Two organizations of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What consists of the CNS?

A
  • Brain

- Spinal Cord

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3
Q

What consists of the PNS?

A

-all of the nervous tissue outside of the CNS

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4
Q

Functions of the NS

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Integrative
  3. Motor
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5
Q

Detection and input

A

Sensory

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6
Q

Processing/storing/analyzing info

A

Integrative

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7
Q

Output

A

Motor

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8
Q

What is nervous tissue designed for?

A

Communication

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9
Q

Types of cells of NS

A
  1. Neuroglia

2. Neurons

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10
Q

Function of neuroglia

A

Support, Nourish, Protection

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11
Q

3 parts of nerve cells

A
  1. Dendrite
  2. Cell Body
  3. Axon
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12
Q

Structure, Function, Receptor Sites of Dendrites

A

Structure: multiple/single extensions off cell body
Function: input portion of the neuron
Receptor Sites: contains lots for receiving chemical messages from other cells

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13
Q

A.k.as for Cell Body

A

Soma, Perikaryon

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14
Q

Structure, Function Of the Soma

A

Structure: contains the nucleus and other organelles
Function: cell proccesses

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15
Q

Structure, Function of Axons

A

Structure: a thin cylindrical process off the cell body
Function: output portion of the neuron

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16
Q

What is the presynaptic terminal?

A

The end of the axon that divides into many fine processes

A.k.a Axon Terminal

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17
Q

What is the synaptic end bulb?

A

The swollen ends of some axon terminals.

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18
Q

What is myelin?

A

Multilayered lipid and protein covering that speeds up signal conduction (action potential)

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19
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Any change in the internal/external environment that is strong enough to stimulate an AP

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20
Q

What is an action potential?

A

An electrical signal that travels along the cell membrane of a neuron

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21
Q

Responding to a stimulus and converting it into an action potential

A

Electrical Excitability

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22
Q

3 Structural Classifications of Neurons

A
  1. Multipolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Unipolar
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23
Q

Structurally, what classifies a neuron?

A

Classified according to number of processes extending from the cell body

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24
Q

Several dendrites and one axon

A

Multipolar

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25
Q

One main dendrite and one axon

A

Bipolar

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26
Q

Peripheral axon has sensory receptors and the central axon has axon terminals

A

Unipolar

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27
Q

Where would you find multipolar neurons?

A

Brain, Spinal Cord (CNS), and all Motor Neurons

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28
Q

Where would you find bipolar neurons?

A

Retina, Ear

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29
Q

Where would you find unipolar neurons?

A

All sensory neurons

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30
Q

3 Functional Classifications of Neurons

A
  1. Sensory Neurons
  2. Motor Neurons
  3. Interneurons
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31
Q

A.k.a Sensory Neuron

A

Afferent Neurons

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32
Q

A.k.a Motor Neuron

A

Efferent Neurons

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33
Q

A.k.a Interneurons

A

Association Neurons

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34
Q

Sensory neurons are mostly what structural classification?

A

Unipolar

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35
Q

Where are the sensory receptors for sensory neurons?

A

Either at dendritic end or just after sensory receptors that are separate cells

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36
Q

What happens once a sensory neuron is activated by a stimulus?

A

The AP forms and propagates along the axon and is carried into the CNS via afferent neurons

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37
Q

Must travel together in spinal and cranial nerves

A

Sensory Neurons

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38
Q

What structural classification belongs to motor neurons?

A

Multipolar

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39
Q

What happens to the AP in motor neurons?

A

Propagates away from the CNS to effectors via efferent neurons

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40
Q

What are effectors?

A

The cells and organs

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41
Q

Where are interneurons located?

A

Primarily in the CNS between the sensory and motor neurons

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42
Q

What is the interneuron’s role?

A

Integrate/process information from the sensory neurons. If a motor response is required, specifics of that response is formulated and relevant motor neurons are activated.

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43
Q

What structural classification are interneurons?

A

Multipolar

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44
Q

The site of communication between two neurons (or b/w a neuron and another type of cell)

A

Synapse

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45
Q

2 Types of synapses

A
  1. Electrical

2. Chemical

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46
Q

Which synapse is faster and not as common?

A

Electrical

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47
Q

In electrical synapses, APs conduct directly between _______ through ______.

A

Plasma membranes of adjacent cells through gap junctions

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48
Q

What do electrical synapses allow for?

A

Synchronization of function

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49
Q

Neuron sending the signal

A

Pre-synaptic neuron

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50
Q

Neuron receiving the signal

A

Post-synaptic neuron

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51
Q

The space between the communicating neurons

A

Synaptic Cleft

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52
Q

Chemical released by the pre-synaptic neuron to affect the post-synaptic neuron or effector

A

Neurotransmitter (NT)

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53
Q

What should you think of when it comes to neurotransmitters?

A

“Lock and Key” because NT binding receptors are specific to the NT released

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54
Q

What happens when the AP reaches the end of the pre-synaptic neuron?

A
  • Neurotransmitter releases
  • NT diffuses across the synaptic cleft
  • NT binds to post-synaptic cleft
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55
Q

When is the continuation of the AP more likely?

A

If NT is excititory

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56
Q

When is the continuation of the AP less likely?

A

If NT is inhibitory

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57
Q

Common Neurotransmitters (4)

A
  1. Acetylcholine (ACh)
  2. Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
  3. Dopamine
  4. Serotonin
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58
Q

PNS/CNS excitatory at neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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59
Q

CNS, inhibitory

A

Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

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60
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptor, emotional response, addictive behaviour, skeletal muscle tone

A

Dopamine

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61
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory depending on receptor, sensory perception, temperature regulation, mood, sleep, appetite

A

Serotonin

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62
Q

In cases of injury/disease, what does neuroglia do?

A

Multiplies to fill the spaces formerly occupied by neurons

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63
Q

Neuroglia in the CNS (4)

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal Cells
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64
Q

Helps form the blood-brain barrier and provides nutrients to neurons

A

Astrocytes

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65
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier? Structural components?

A
  • Specialized barrier that prevents passage of materials from the blood and the brain
  • Protects the brain from harmful substances
  • Thick basement membrane, tight junctions
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66
Q

Form/maintain the myelin sheath of CNS neurons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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67
Q

Phagocytotic cells that remove debris, phagocytize microbes (immune cells)

A

Microglia

68
Q

Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord and produce/assist in circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal Cells

69
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Clear, colourless fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord.
Protects the brain and spinal cord from injury

70
Q

Neuroglial cell

A

Shwann Cells

71
Q

How are shwann cells similar to oligodendrocytes?

A

Like the oligodendrocytes in the CNS forming the myelin sheath, shwann cells encircle axons in myelin sheath in the PNS

72
Q

What are shwann cells involved in?

A

Regeneration of PNS axons

73
Q

Structures of the CNS

A

Brain, Spinal Cord

74
Q

Structures of the PNS

A
  • cranial nerves and their branches
  • spinal nerves and their branches
  • ganglia
  • enteric plexuses
  • sensory receptors

(everything else)

75
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

A cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

76
Q

What is ganglion?

A

A cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

77
Q

What is a tract?

A

A bundle of axons in the CNS

78
Q

What do tracts do?

A

Interconnect neurons in the spinal cord and brain

79
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of axons in the PNS

80
Q

Spinal nerves connect ______

A

spinal cord to the periphery

81
Q

Cranial nerves connect ____

A

brain to the periphery

82
Q

Collections of cell bodies and unmyelinated nerve fibres in the CNS

A

Grey Matter

83
Q

Collection of cell bodies of myelinated axons in the CNS

A

White Matter

84
Q

Describe the Spinal Cord

A
  • encased in the vertebrae
  • extends from the bottom part of the brain stem to the 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2)
  • at L2, tapers into Conus Medullaris
85
Q

The roots of the spinal nerves below the conus medullaris

A

Cauda Equina

86
Q

____ matter surrounds an inner core of ____ matter.

A

White, Grey

87
Q

2 grooves that divide the white matter into right and left sides

A
  • Anterior Median Fissure

- Posterior Median Sulcus

88
Q

What is the central canal?

A

A small tube in the centre of the spinal cord (SC) that contains CSF

89
Q

Each side of grey matter is divided into regions called _____

A

Horns

90
Q

Axons of incoming sensory neurons and interneurons

A

Posterior Horn (A.k.a Dorsal)

91
Q

Motor Nuclei

A

Anterior Horn (A.k.a Ventral)

92
Q

Present in thoracic, upper lumbar, sacral portions, they contain sympathetic nuclei.

A

Lateral Horn

93
Q

Each side of white matter is divided into regions called ____

A

Columns

94
Q

What are the three regions within the columns?

A
  1. Anterior Columns
  2. Posterior Columns
  3. Lateral Columns
95
Q

Anterior Column A.k.a

A

Ventral

96
Q

Posterior Column A.k.a

A

Dorsal

97
Q

What does each column have in common?

A

Contains tracts that have a common origin or destination

98
Q

Sensory Tracts consist of _______________

A

axons that conduct APs toward the brain

99
Q

Sensory Tract A.k.a

A

Ascending Tract

100
Q

Motor Tracks consist of _________________

A

Axons that conduct APs away from the brain

101
Q

Motor Tract A.k.a

A

Descending

102
Q

Parts of the brain (4)

A
  1. Brain Stem
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Diencephalon
  4. Cerebrum
103
Q

Continuos of the spinal cord, before the dienceohalon

A

Brain Stem

104
Q

3 Regions of the brain stem (inferior to superior)

A
  1. Medulla Oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
105
Q

What do the regions of the brain stem contain?

A
  1. Nuclei (bundle of cell bodies in CNS)

2. Cranial Nerves (bundle of axons in PNS to brain)

106
Q

What kind of formation extends through the brainstem?

A

Net-like reticular

107
Q

Contains centres for the control of heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, vomiting

A

Medulla Oblongata

108
Q

Contains centres for the control of breathing

A

Pons

109
Q

Contains centres for reflex visual activities (tracking moving objects, scanning stationary objects), and hearing

A

Midbrain

110
Q

What part of the brain contains the nuclei, Substantia Nigra and what does it do?

A

Midbrain

Neurons that make dopamine extend from it

111
Q

What is reticular formation?

A

A net-like formation of neural tissue that spreads throughout the brainstem containing the reticular activating system

112
Q

What does the reticulating activating system help with?

A
  • consciousness
  • maintaining attention
  • prevents sensory overload (filters insignificant info)
  • regulate muscle tone
113
Q

Posterior to the brain stem

A

Cerebellum

114
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A
  • smoothes and coordinates skeletal muscle contraction

- regulates posture and balance

115
Q

What three things does the Diencephalon include?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Epithalamus
116
Q

Major regulator of homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus

117
Q

What else is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A
  1. Controls/integrates autonomic NS
  2. Hormone production
  3. Emotion and behaviour (w/limbic system)
  4. Eating and drinking
  5. Body temperature
  6. Circadian rhythm
118
Q

24 hr cycle in processes of living things

A

Circadian Rhythm

119
Q

The major relay station for most sensory input to the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

120
Q

Involved in smelling (especially emotional responses to smell)

A

Epithalamus

121
Q

What gland does the epithalamus contain?

A

Pineal Gland

122
Q

How is the cerebrum divided?

A

Two halves, called hemispheres

123
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of?

A
  1. Outer rim of grey matter (cerebral cortex)
  2. Inner layer of white matter
  3. Grey matter nuclei deep within the white matter
124
Q

Contains:

  • sensory areas involved in perception
  • motor areas involved in the execution of voluntary movement
A

Cerebral Cortex (outer rim of grey matter)

125
Q

Contain areas that deal with memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgment, personality, intelligence

A

Association Areas (white matter)

126
Q

Basale Ganglia A.k.a

A

Basal Nuclei

127
Q

Basale Ganglia responsible to help (4)

A
  1. Regulating the starting and stopping movements
  2. Control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles
  3. Suppress unwanted movement
  4. Set resting muscle tone
128
Q

Functionally, what are the basale ganglia linked to?

A

Substantia Nigra

129
Q

Involved in emotion, smelling, and memory

A

The Limbic System

130
Q

What does the limbic system include?

A

Parts of the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, amygdala, and other nearby structures

131
Q

Functions in memory (encoding, consolidation, and retrieval). Short term to long term.

A

Hippocampus

132
Q

Important in emotional function (especially fear)

A

Amygdala

133
Q

Three protective layers of CT that encircle the brain and SC. What are they?

A

Meninges

  1. Dura Matter
  2. Arachnoid Membrane
  3. Pia Matter
134
Q

Tough outer layer of CT in the CNS

A

Dura Matter

135
Q

Middle layer of CT in the CNS

A

Arachnoid Membrane

136
Q

Inner layer of CT in the CNS

A

Pia Matter

137
Q

The adipose and CT filled space between the wall of the vertebral canal and dura matter

A

Epidural Space

138
Q

Interstitial fluid filled space between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane

A

Subdural Space

139
Q

CSF filled space between arachnoid membrane and the pia matter

A

Subarachnoid Space

140
Q

PNS is all nervous tissue outside the CNS including…

A
  1. Cranial Nerves
  2. Spinal Nerves
  3. Ganglia
  4. Sensory Receptors
141
Q

What are cranial nerves? How many pairs do they have?

A
  1. Path of communication between the brain and the periphery

2. 12 pairs of nerves that exit from the base of the brain

142
Q

What are spinal nerves? How many pairs do we have?

A
  1. Paths of communication between the spinal cord and the periphery
  2. 31 pairs
143
Q

____ bundles of axons and associated neuroglial cells wrapped in _________

A

Parallel, several layers of CT

144
Q

What do spinal nerves connect?

A

Spinal cord to–receptors, muscles, glands

145
Q

How are the 31 spinal nerves numbered?

A

According to the region and level of the vertebral column from which they emerge

146
Q

Not all spinal nerves are aligned to their corresponding vertebrae

A

Lumbar, sacral, coccyeal nerves descend from L2 to their respective levels

147
Q

Two bundles of axons that connect the spinal nerve to the spinal column

A

Nerve Root

148
Q

A bundle of motor axons

A

Anterior (Ventral) Root

149
Q

A bundle of sensory axons

A

Posterior (Dorsal) Root

150
Q

A swelling in the posterior root containing cell bodies of sensory neurons of the PNS

A

Posterior/Dorsal Ganglion Root

151
Q

CT of a Spinal Nerve, Innermost, covers axon

A

Endoneurium

152
Q

CT of a Spinal Nerve, Middle layer, covers fascicles

A

Perineurium

153
Q

Fascicles A.k.a

A

Bundle of axons

154
Q

CT of a Spinal Nerve, Outermost layer, covers spinal nerve

A

Epineurium

155
Q

Which layers of the CT of a Spinal Nerve is highly vascularized?

A

Epineurium and Perineurium

156
Q

Subdivisions of the PNS

A
  1. Somatic NS (SNS)
  2. Autonomic NS (ANS)
  3. Enteric NS (ENS)
157
Q

“Voluntary Nervous System”

A

Somatic NS

158
Q

First order neurons A.k.a

A

Sensory Neurons

159
Q

Sensory Neuron and Motor Neuron’s responsibility in the SNS

A

Sensory: convey info to CNS (temp, pain)
Motor: conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles only

160
Q

Monitors and controls body activities automatically

A

Autonomic NS

161
Q

2 Divisions of autonomic ns

A
  1. Sympathetic (SyNS)

2. Parasympathetic (PaNS)

162
Q

Fight or flight, high activity comes from being excited, scared, threatened

A

Sympathetic NS

163
Q

Responses of Sympathetic NS

A
  • Pupil dilation
  • Increase HR, BP
  • Airway dilation
  • Vasodilation of skeletal and cardiac muscle
  • Glucose Release
  • Vasoconstriction in kidneys and digestive tract
164
Q

Rest and Digest, conserve and restore energy systems

A

Parasympathetic NS

165
Q

The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, regulated by _____.

A

Autonomic Tone, Hypothalamus

166
Q

Sensory neurons that monitor chemical changes within the gastrointestinal tract and stretching its walls

A

Enteric NS

Phys Test 2 (5 decks)

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