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Phys Test 2 > Myology > Flashcards

Myology Flashcards

1
Q

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Smooth
  3. Cardiac
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2
Q

4 Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Electrical Excitability
  2. Contractility
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
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3
Q

The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals.

A

Electrical Excitability

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4
Q

The ability of the muscle tissue to generate tension (force) when stimulated by an AP.

A

Contractility

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5
Q

The ability of the muscle to stretch (lengthen) without being damaged

A

Extensibility

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6
Q

The ability of the muscle tissue to return to its original shape after contraction or stretch

A

Elasticity

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7
Q

A.k.a for Skeletal Muscle

A

Striated Muscle

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8
Q

Do skeletal muscles have voluntary or involuntary control?

A

Voluntary/conscious (also subject to involuntary)

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9
Q

Describe striations

A

Alternating light and dark bands that are characteristic to Skeletal muscle

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10
Q

Hierarchy Of Skeletal Muscle Organization

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Fascicle
  3. Muscle Fibre (Muscle Cell)
  4. Myofibril
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11
Q

3 Points of Muscles

A
  1. size: cm
  2. Named
  3. Subdivided into bundles of fascicles
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12
Q

2 Points of Fascicles

A
  1. size: mm

2. Each fascicle made of many muscle fibres

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13
Q

Muscle Fibre A.k.a

A

Muscle Cell

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14
Q

Shape of Muscle Fibres

A

Cylindrical

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15
Q

The cell (plasma) membrane of the muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma

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16
Q

Tiny invaginations tunnel in from the sarcolemma towards the centre of the muscle cell

A

Transverse Tubules (T-tubules)

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17
Q

The cytoplasm of the muscle fibres–lots of glycogen

A

Sarcoplasm

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18
Q

A protein that binds oxygen that has diffused into the muscle cell and delivers it to the mitochondria

A

Myoglobin

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19
Q

3 Additional Points to Muscle Fibres.

A
  1. Lots of mitochondria
  2. Multinucleated
  3. Filled with myofibrils
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20
Q

Specialized contractile organelles of the muscle cell.

A

Myofibrils

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21
Q

4 Points of Myofibrils

A
  1. The extend the length of the muscle fibre
  2. Held in place by cytoskeletal proteins
  3. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
  4. Contain a number of sarcomeres arranged in series
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22
Q

Fluid filled tubes and sacs running along and surrounding each myofibril. (1 more point.)

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

-They store and release calcium into the cell when needed

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23
Q

Functional unit of a myofibril

A

The Sarcomere

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24
Q

What are sarcomere’s two contractile proteins? What do they do?

A
  1. Actin: make up the thin filaments

2. Myosin: make up the thick filaments

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25
Q

What generates force/contraction?

A

Thick and thin filaments made by Myosin and Actin interacting by overlapping

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26
Q

What gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance?

A

Thick/thin filaments overlap creates light and dark strips

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27
Q

What must happen for a skeletal muscle to generate tension

A

The muscle must be stimulated by a nerve signal from a motor neuron.

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28
Q

A nerve cell that stimulates muscles to contract.

A

Motor Neuron

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29
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction and how is it formed?

A
  • Axon connects with muscle–branches into axon terminals

- Each axon terminal forms junction with the sarcolemma of multiple different muscle fibres

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30
Q

What is between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma? What happens as a result?

A

Gap between is the synaptic cleft

As a result axon terminal and sarcolemma never touch

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31
Q

Explain the process for a skeletal muscle to generate tension.

A

Signal arrives, neurotransmitter is released, crosses synaptic cleft, stimulates sarcolemma, muscle continues signal

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32
Q

What happens when the signal reaches the muscle fibres?

A
  1. Crosses synaptic cleft
  2. Continues by the muscle fibres and spreads out across the sarcolemma
  3. Travels down T-tubules and stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium
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33
Q

What does the calcium released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Allows myosin (thick filament) to connect with actin (thin filament)

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34
Q

What is ratcheting? What does it do?

A

-Myosin pulls and slides the actin filaments together, disengages and starts again
-Shortens the sarcomere, the myofibril, the muscle fibre, the muscle
USES ATP!

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35
Q

What happens to the ratcheting process when the APs stop?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps calcium back inside. (ATP) Without sufficient calcium, thick filaments can’t continue ratcheting of thin filaments.
Tension generation stops.

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36
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

The motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates
(-1 motor neuron can innervate more than 1 mm fibre
-Each mm fibre can only be innervated by 1 motor neuron)

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37
Q

How much ATP is stored in muscle fibres?

A

Enough to last for ~ 3 seconds

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38
Q

3 Energy Pathways through which ATP can be generated

A
  1. Creatine Phosphate
  2. Anerobic Glycolysis
  3. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
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39
Q

Creatine Phosphate A.k.a

A

Phosphocreatine, ATP-PCr, Anaerobic Alactic

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40
Q

What happens in a ATP-PCr Pathway?

A

Enzyme splits PCr, energy is released to form ATP

-PCr molecule stores high amounts of energy in chemical bonds

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41
Q

How long does the Phosphocreatine Pathway provide energy. When is it used?

A

3-5 seconds of maximal contraction

Used as first source of energy when muscle contraction begins

42
Q

Creatine Phosphate oxygen and lactic levels.

A

Anaerobic, Alactic

43
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis A.k.a

A

Anaerobic Lactic

44
Q

If muscle activity continues, what happens when the initial PCr is depleted in the context of muscles?

A

Glucose is then used to make ATP (Anaerobic Glycolysis)

45
Q

How long does the Anaerobic Glycolysis Pathway provide energy. When is it used?

A

Capable of supplying energy for 30-40 seconds

2nd Pathway used

46
Q

What is a metabolic by-product of anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Lactic Acid/Lactate

47
Q

At lower levels of activity, what happens to lactate?

A 
Any lactate produced is consumed by: 
-other muscle fibres
-active nearby muscles
-and heart
Does not accumulate!
48
Q

What is the Cori cycle?

A

Lactate can also be converted back into glucose/glycogen in the liver

49
Q

What is lactic acid’s half life?

A

15-25mins

Cleared in a matter of hours.

50
Q

What happens in an Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

A

Oxygen is delivered, pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria , produce lots of ATP

51
Q

Where does the oxygen in an aerobic cellular respiration come from?

A

Myoglobin or oxygen diffused from the bloodstream

52
Q

When would your body use the Aerobic Cellular Respiration pathway?

A

When you are able to get oxygen into the cells. (At rest or low-moderate intensity exercises.) Activity longer than 10min.

53
Q

What are the differences in skeletal muscle fibre types?

A
  1. Speed at which they generate tension
  2. How they use different energy substrates
  3. How they fatigue
54
Q

What are the 3 main types of Skeletal Muscle Cells?

A
  1. Slow Oxidative
  2. Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic
  3. Fast Glycolytic
55
Q

Slow Oxidative Fibres A.k.a

A

Type 1, slow-twitch fibres

56
Q

When are Slow Oxidative Fibres recruited and what is their resistance to fatigue?

A

1st

Fatigue Resistant

57
Q

When is Slow Oxidative Fibres used and how does is generate ATP?

A

Endurance-type functions (maintaining posture, marathon)

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

58
Q

What 3 things must Slow Oxidative Fibres have?

A

LOTS OF…

  1. Myoglobin
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Capillaries
59
Q

With Slow-twitch fibres immobilization what happens to the muscles more so than other fibre types?

A

Atrophy faster

60
Q

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic A.k.a

A

Type IIa fibres

61
Q

When are Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic recruited and what is their resistance to fatigue?

A

2nd

Moderately high resistant to fatigue

62
Q

When is Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic used and how does it generate ATP?

A

Used in endurance (walking), and shorter-duration functions (sprinting)
Aerobic and Anaerobic Pathways

63
Q

What are Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillary levels?

A

Intermediate amounts

64
Q

Fast Glycolytic Fibres A.k.a

A

Type IIx fibres

65
Q

When are Fast Glycolytic Fibres recruited and what is their resistance to fatigue?

A

3rd

Low resistance to fatigue

66
Q

When is Fast Glycolytic Fibres used and how does it generate ATP?

A

High intensity, short duration activities (weight lifting, slap shot) and shorter-duration functions (sprinting)
Anaerobic Pathways

67
Q

What are Fast Glycolytic Fibres mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillary levels?

A

Relatively Low

68
Q

What is true about the distribution of Muscle Fibres?

A

Most muscles are a mix of SO, FOG, FG fibres, within a motor unit, all fibre types are the same type

69
Q

How do motor units contract?

A

From smallest/weakest to largest/strongest

70
Q

To increase the amount of force generated…

A
  1. increase the number of motor units recruited

2. Increase the frequency of neuronal AP firing

71
Q

What is most effective for the forcefulness of contraction?

A

The length of the sarcomeres within a muscle before the contraction begins.

72
Q

The greatest ability to generate tension is at..

A

resting length (optimal overlap)

73
Q

Decreased ability to generate tension

A
  • Lengthened (minimal overlap)

- Shortened (excessive overlap)

74
Q

Isotonic vs Isometric Contraction

A

Isotonic: mm contraction through a range against a resistance that is not changing
Isometric: mm contraction where there is no visible change to muscle

75
Q

Concentric vs Eccentric Contraction

A

Concentric: shortening
Eccentric: lengthening

76
Q

MM Contraction w/ Equipment: Variable Resistance vs Isokinetic

A

Variable Resistance: equip varies the resistance to match strength curve
Isokinetic: equip keeps the velocity of movement constant

77
Q

What is Resting Tone?

A

Small amount of tension being generated in the muscle that is not strong enough to produce movement

78
Q

What is Twitch Contraction?

A

Brief contraction of all muscle fibres in a motor unit in response to a single AP in its motor neuron

79
Q

A lack of tone from the nerve being damaged or cut

A

Flaccidity

80
Q

Increase muscle size

A

Hypertrophy

81
Q

Decrease muscle size

A

Atrophy

82
Q

The inability of a muscle to function at the required level

A

Fatigue

83
Q

What are 4 common types/causes of fatigue

A
  1. Energy Substrate Depletion (diabetes, fasting, sick)
  2. Metabolic by-products (Exercising in heat)
  3. Neurological Fatigue (AP for long time, physiological)
  4. CNS Fatigue (Motivation, depression)
84
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

-undifferentiated muscle cells
-actively involved in muscle repair and regeneration
(can become muscle cell, not as good, better than scar tissue)
-limited capacity

85
Q

Surrounds entire muscle

A

Epimysium

86
Q

Surrounds the fasicles

A

Perimysium

87
Q

Surrounds muscle fibres

A

Endomysium

88
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Interconnected epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium that extend beyond the muscle fibres to connect the muscle to the periosteum

89
Q

Transition from muscle tissue to tendon

A

Musculotendinous Junction

90
Q

Transition from tendon to periosteum

A

Tendoperiosteal Junction

91
Q

Broad, flat tendon

A

Aponeurosis

92
Q

Tube that surrounds a tendon for protection

A

Tendon Sheath

93
Q

Cardiac muscles fibres branch, the ends fit tightly together with neighbouring fibres at junctions called..

A

Intercalated Discs

94
Q

What junctions are involved and is the control voluntary/involuntary? (Cardiac)

A

Anchoring: Holds fibres together
Gap: Cells to communicate
Involuntary

95
Q

Specialized cells within the heart can generate their own electrical signals (pacemaker)

A

Autorhythmicity

96
Q

Where is smooth muscle found? How is it shaped?

A

Walls of hollow tubes

Spindle-shaped

97
Q

What junctions are involved and is the control voluntary/involuntary? (Smooth)

A

Gap junctions

Involuntary

98
Q

Where would you find single unit smooth muscle tissue

A

walls of small arteries, hollow organs

99
Q

One AP supplies several smooth muscle fibres

A

Single Unit Smooth Muscle Tissue

gap junctions function as single unit

100
Q

Where would you find multiunit smooth muscle tissue

A

Walls of large arteries, airways in lungs, arrector pilli, muscles of iris

101
Q

One motor neuron terminal supplies one smooth muscle fibre

A

Multiunit Smooth muscle

Phys Test 2 (5 decks)

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