Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Grade 12 Biology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Parts of central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

2 sections of nervous system

A

Central and Peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Parts of peripheral nervous system

A

All nerves outside brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 different peripheral nerves

A

Somatic and autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

An example of somatic movement

A

Walking or jumping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Example of automatic movement

A

Breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 different ANS systems

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Duty of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Nerve cells that prepare body for stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Duty of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Restores body to resting levels and normal function after stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 duties of peripheral nervous system

A
  1. Works with endocrine system in adjusting body to changes in the internal and external environment
  2. Regulates organs of the body without conscious control
  3. Regulates O2 and CO2 levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 things the ANS can do in cases of emergency

A
  1. Divert blood flow from digestive organs to skeletal muscles
  2. Increase heart and breathing rates
  3. Increase sight by dilating pupils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the Vagus Nerve

A

Major cranial nerve apart if parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List the sympathetic emergency response for the following organs; heart, digestive, liver, eyes, skin, bladder, and adrenal gland

A 
Heart: increase heart rate
Digestive: decrease peristalsis 
Liver: increase release of glucose
Eyes: dilate pupils
Skin: increase blood flow
Bladder: relaxes sphincter
Adrenal Gland: release of epinephrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 2 natural pain kills produced by the brain

A

Endorphins and enkephalins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are endorphins

A

Group of chemicals called neuropeptides that usually have between 16-31 amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are enkephalins

A

Also neuropeptides but only have 5 amino acids and are made by the splitting of endorphin chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What creates the feeling of pain

A

Special cells called “substantia gelatinosa” (SG) interpret pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are SG cells made of

A

They are bands of gelatinous grey matter that is in the dorsal part of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do SG cells work

A

When SG cells are stimulated they produce a neurotransmitter that tells the injured organ it is damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How natural painkillers work

A
  • Endorphins attach to SG cell receptor sites
  • Prevents neurotransmitter from being produced
  • Therefore less neurotransmitters which means less pain being initiated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are Opiates

A

Sedative drugs like heroin, cocaine, or morphine that work in the same way as endorphins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is GABA

A

GABA stands for “gamma-amino-butyric acid” which is a neurotransmitter inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are 2 examples of a depressant drug

A

Valium and Librium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens when taking a depressant

A

The depressant typically increases the release of GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

5 ways of thinking done by the left side of the brain

A
  1. Logical
  2. Sequential
  3. Rational
  4. Analytical
  5. Objective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

5 ways of thinking done by the right side of the brain

A
  1. Random
  2. Intuitive
  3. Holistic
  4. Synthesizing
  5. Subjective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Meninges

A

A 3 later membrane surrounding brain and spinal cord that determines which chemicals reach the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The outer later of the meninges is also known as

A

Dura-mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The middle later of the meninges is also known as

A

Arachnoid mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The inner later of the meninges is also known as

A

Pia-mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Cushioning fluid that circulates between inner and middle membranes of the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the Cerebrospinal Fluid connect

A

Connects neural and endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the Foramen Magnum

A

Opening in skull that spinal cord extends through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is process of getting information to peripheral muscles and organs

A

Dorsal nerve brings sensory info into spinal cord. Then ventral nerve tract sends out motor info to the muscles and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 3 distinct regions of the brain

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are Olfactory Lobes

A

Pair of lobes in forebrain that receives info about smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the Cerebrum

A

2 huge hemispheres in forebrain that stores sensory info and initiates voluntary motor actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer lining of the Cerebral Hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What side of the brain is associated with visual patterns

A

Right side

39
Q

What side of the brain is associated with verbal skills

A

Left side

40
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum

A

A bundle of nerves that allows communication between the 2 hemispheres

41
Q

Each hemisphere can be sub-divided into what 4 lobes

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Temporal
  3. Occipital
  4. Parietal
42
Q

What is the Thalmus

A

Part of brain that interprets sensory info and directs it to the cerebrum

43
Q

What is the Hypothalmus

A

Located below Thalmus and creates a direct connection between the nervous and endocrine system through the Pituitary Gland

44
Q

The Midbrain acts as what

A

A relay centre for some eye and ear reflexes

45
Q

The hindbrain joins with what

A

The spinal cord

46
Q

What are the 3 major hindbrain sections

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
47
Q

What are 2 features of the Cerebellum

A
  1. Largest section

2. Controls limb movements, balance, and muscle tone

48
Q

What are 2 features of the Pons

A
  1. Means “bridge”

2. Passed info between regions of the cerebellum and between cerebellum and the medulla

49
Q

What are 4 features of the Medulla Oblongata

A
  1. Nerve tracts from spinal cord and higher brain centres run through the medulla
  2. Acts as a connection between the PNS and CNS
  3. Controls involuntary muscle action such as breathing
  4. Acts as coordination centre for Autonomic Nervous System
50
Q

4 things about a PET Scan

A
  1. ‘Positron-emission tomography’
  2. Can reveal physiological and biochemical process in the body
  3. A molecule tagged with radioactive isotope is injected in body and flows to most active area of the brain
  4. The positrons react with opposing charged electrons from body atoms which creates a image
51
Q

What is a PET Scan used to spot

A

Brain disorders, heart problems, and certain types of cancer

52
Q

7 things about a MRI Scan

A
  1. ‘Magnetic resonance imaging’
  2. fMRI = functional MRI
  3. Computer imaging technique that can make 2D and 3D images of the brain
  4. fMRI measures function > structure
  5. MRI uses powerful magnets to align nuclei in the brain then knock them out of alignment with a quick pulse of radio waves
  6. While still under magnet, when hydrogen nuclei snap back into alignment, faint radio waves are emitted
  7. MRI detects these waves and transmits it all into a computer image
53
Q

What is a MRI Scan used to detect

A

Problems in the brain and spinal cord which are surrounded by bone

54
Q

3 things about a CT Scan

A
  1. ‘Computerized tomography’
  2. Machine circles patient while taking various x-rays of structures inside the body
  3. The various thin x-rays are sent to a computer where they can be analyzed in sections or be put together to create a 3D image
55
Q

What is a CT Scan used to detect

A

Useful for spotting ruptured blood vessels in the brain

56
Q

What are Baroreceptors

A

Pressure receptors in the skin

57
Q

What are the 2 cells in the Nervous System

A
  1. Glial Cell

2. Neurons

58
Q

What are the 3 groups of Neurons

A
  1. Sensory neurons
  2. Interneurons
  3. Motor neurons
59
Q

2 things about Sensory Neurons

A
  1. Also known as “afferent” neurons

2. Carries impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

60
Q

4 things about Interneurons

A
  1. Also known as “association” neurons
  2. The link within neurons and the body
  3. Mostly found throughout brain and spinal cord
  4. Interprets sensory info and connects neurons to outgoing motor neurons
61
Q

3 things about Motor Neurons

A
  1. Also known as “efferent” neurons
  2. Relays info to the effectors
  3. Muscles, organs, and glands are effectors as they produce the response
62
Q

What are Dendrites

A

Projections of cytoplasm that carries nerve impulses away from cell body

63
Q

What is an Axon

A

Extension of cytoplasm that carries nerve impulses away from cell body

64
Q

What is Myelin Sheath

A

Fatty protein that acts as an insulator for the neurons

65
Q

What are Schwann Cells

A

Glial cell that produces the myelin sheath

66
Q

What are Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between the multiple sections of myelin sheath

67
Q

What is Neurilemma

A

Delicate membrane beneath the myelin sheath that covers to axon of some nerve cells

68
Q

If you put your hand on something hot then your body instinctively removes your hand from the hot surface… What is this a result of

A

Reflex Arc

69
Q

3 things about the Reflex Arc

A
  1. Simplest nerve pathway
  2. At the end of the sensory neuron, the Interneuron splits on a path to the brain as well as a path back to the effector
  3. By cutting out the process of going to the brain, it saves plenty of time and saves the body from serious damage
70
Q

What are the 5 components of the Reflex Arc

A
  1. The receptor
  2. Sensory neurons
  3. Interneurons
  4. Motor neurons
  5. The effector
71
Q

What is an EEG

A

It is an Electroencephalogram which is used to measure brain-wave activity

72
Q

Nerves use what to generate current

A

They use cellular energy

73
Q

What is Action Potential

A

Voltage difference across nerve cell membrane when nerve is stimulated

74
Q

What is Resting Potential

A

Voltage difference during resting stage (usually negative)

75
Q

The resting membrane is what

A

Resting membrane is 50x more permeable to potassium than it is to sodium

76
Q

What are Ion Gates

A

Protein channels that control movement of ions across cell membrane

77
Q

What is Polarized Membrane

A

Membrane charged by unequal positive charged ions inside and outside of nerve cell

78
Q

What happens to the membrane during stimulation

A

The membrane becomes more permeable to sodium rather than potassium

79
Q

What is Depolarization

A

After sodium ions rush in, the charge of membrane is reversed

80
Q

What is a Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

Mechanism that moves Na ions out of and K ions into a cell against their concentration gradient

81
Q

What fuels the Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

ATP fuels the pump

82
Q

What is the ratio the Sodium-Potassium Pump works at

A

3 Na ions out : 1 K ion in

83
Q

What is Repolarization

A

Process of restoring original polarity of nerve membrane

84
Q

What is the Refractory Period

A

Recovery time required for a neuron to produce another Action Potential (usually 1-10ms)

85
Q

What is the Threshold Level

A

The lowest level of stimulus required to produce a response

86
Q

What is the “All-or-None” response mean

A

This means a nerve or muscle fibre will either respond completely or not at all

87
Q

With greater impulses reaching the brain, this causes what

A

It will cause greater intensity of a response

88
Q

What is Synapses

A

Regions between neurons or between neurons and effectors

89
Q

What are Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals located in the end plates of axons and are released from vesicles into synapses

90
Q

What is a Presynaptic Neuron

A

Neuron that carries impulses to the synapse

91
Q

What is the space between neurons

A

20um

92
Q

What is a Postsynaptic Neuron

A

Neuron that carries impulses away from synapse

93
Q

What is Acetylchloine

A

Neurotransmitter that makes Postsynaptic membrane no longer permeable to Na ions

94
Q

What is Cholinesterase

A

An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine as it is released from Postsynaptic membrane shortly after acetylcholine is released

95
Q

What does it mean when something is Hyperpolarized

A

This is when the inside of a nerve cells membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential

96
Q

What is Summation

A

An effect produced by the accumulation of neurotransmitters from 2 or more neurons

Grade 12 Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions