Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Grade 12 Biology > Endocrine & Immune System > Flashcards

Endocrine & Immune System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Target and 1 function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Target: adrenal cortex

1. Stimulates stress related hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Target and 1 function of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Target: thyroid gland

1. Stimulates thyroxine release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Target and 1 function of somatotropin or growth hormone

A

Target: most cells

1. Promotes growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Target and 2 functions of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Target: ovaries, testes

  1. In females stimulates follicle development in ovaries
  2. In males, promotes development of sperm cells in testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Target and function of prolactin (PRL)

A

Target: mammary glands

1. Stimulates and maintains milk production in lactating females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Target of Thyrotropin-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Target and 2 functions of Oxytocin

A

Target: uterus, mammary glands

  1. Initiates strong contractions
  2. Triggers milk release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Target and 1 function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Target: kidneys

1. Increases water reabsorption by kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Insulin decreases blood sugar by making cells more permeable to glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Insulin is produced by what?

A

Produced by Islets of Langerhans in Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are endocrine hormones

A

Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands right into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the Parathyroid Hormone do

A

Regulates calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does Gastrin do

A

Gastrin triggers cells in stomachs to produce digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones

A

Steroid and Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are steroid hormones

A

Hormones made of cholesterol which is a lipid compound and also includes sex hormones and cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 features of steroid hormones

A
  1. Not soluble in water but only in fat

2. Made up of long chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are protein hormones

A

Hormones made of amino acid chains and includes insulin and GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is cortisol

A

Is apart of the NFL for stress and it stimulates conversion of amino acids to glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

5 things about Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Referred to as “master gland”
  2. Controls various glands
  3. Produces and stores hormones
  4. Hypothalamus triggers release of hormones from the pituitary gland through way of nerves or blood stream
  5. Found at base of the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 lobes of pituitary gland

A

Anterior and Posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 things about the Posterior Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Stores and releases harmonies like oxytocin and ADH

2. Triggers release through nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 things about Anterior Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Produces it’s own hormones

2. Releases hormones into blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Dopamine

A

Creates happiness but also inhibits the secretion of Prolactin (PRL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)

A

Basically a messenger that activates enzymes in cytoplasm to carry out normal everyday functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does Glucagon do

A

Increases the amount of Glucose in the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does “hyper” mean

A

Too much

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does “glyco” mean

A

Sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does “emia” mean

A

Refers to a condition of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where are adrenal glands located

A

Above the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Norepinephrine definition

A

Increases heart rate and produces fight or flight response

31
Q

What are the 2 important thyroid hormones

A 
T4 = Thyroxine 
T3 = Triiodothyronine
32
Q

What are T3’s and T4’s overall function

A

Regulate metabolism and growth of tissues

33
Q

How is oxidized glucose broken up

A

60% is released from the body as heat where the other 40% is transformed to ATP (stored energy)

34
Q

People who secrete low levels of T4 can experience what 4 things

A
  1. Muscle weakness
  2. Cold intolerance
  3. Dry skin
  4. Dry hair
35
Q

What is Calcitonin

A

Hormone produced by thyroid that lowers calcium levels in the blood

36
Q

What does Iodine prevent

A

Iodine prevents swelling of the thyroid which when swollen is called a “goiter”

37
Q

What is Tetanus

A

Uncontrollable muscle twitches

38
Q

Low calcium levels triggers what

A

Triggers release of Parathyroid Hormone which increases calcium levels and decreases phosphate levels

39
Q

What percent of body’s calcium is held in storage

A

98%

40
Q

What is the connection between thyroxine and the body

A

Thyroxine allows the body to better utilize glucose

41
Q

What does Mad Cow Disease do

A

It prevents normal walking motion and eventually makes standing impossible

42
Q

What is the pH of the body kept at

A

Between 3-5

43
Q

What are leukocytes

A

WBC that engulfs invading microbes or produces antibodies

44
Q

What are Granulocytes

A

Class of leukocytes that contain cytoplasmic granules and are made in bone marrow

45
Q

What are Agranulocytes

A

WBCs that do not have cytoplasmic granules and are notifies in lymph nodes

46
Q

What is the 3 steps of Phagocytosis

A
  1. Foreign invader penetrates skin
  2. Special leukocytes called monocytes migrate into tissue
  3. This then produces macrophages
47
Q

What are Macrophages

A

Known as “big eaters” as they attach to microbe and engulfs it and is destroyed by enzymes within macrophage

48
Q

What is a lysozyme

A

Secreted in tears, saliva, mucous, and sweat. Destroys cell walls of bacteria and kills them

49
Q

What are the 2 different lymphocytes

A

T-cell and B-cell

50
Q

What are T-cells

A

Produced in bone marrow and processed by thymus gland and it identifies and attacks foreign substances

51
Q

What are B-cells

A

Made in bone marrow and are responsible for making antibodies

52
Q

Why are HIV cells hard to destroy

A

HIV cells have a protein coat surrounding virus which prevents antibodys from knowing the structure of virus

53
Q

What is a Helper T-cell

A

Had a receptor and binds to antigen sticking out of macrophage

54
Q

What are Lymphokines

A

Released from T-cell and acts as a messenger between other T-cells and B-cells

55
Q

What do Killer T-cells do

A

They puncture cell membrane of infected cell and kills the cell along with the invader

56
Q

What is Cyclosporin

A

Drug that slows killer T-cells and is a immunosuppressant drug. Leaves you more susceptible to bacterial infection

57
Q

What is a suppressor T-cell

A

Shuts down immune system and communicates with helper T-cells to maintain adequate antibodies

58
Q

What are Memory B-cells

A

Responsible for storing blueprint of an antigen

59
Q

What is Active Immunity

A

When body produces antibodys to fight invading antigens

60
Q

What is Passive Immunity

A

When antibodys are introduced into the body directly, only provides temporary protection

61
Q

How many Europeans where killed due to smallpox in the 18th century

A

60million

62
Q

Can antibodys survive in the body forever

A

No

63
Q

What is a “magic bullet”

A

Chemical substances that can be aimed at specific organisms and leave host cell undamaged

64
Q

What is Actinomycete

A

A soil organism that produces a bacteria killing substance called “actinomycetin”

65
Q

Who invented/founded penicillin

A

Fleming

66
Q

What is Penicillin

A

Medicine that weakens bacteria cell walls to the point where the cytoplasms pressure is so much it bursts the cell resulting in death

67
Q

What is Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

A

It results in the inability to produce T-cells and B-cells

68
Q

What does Histamine do

A

Increases permeability of capillaries and causes redness

69
Q

What is Lupus caused by

A

Caused by accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes that builds up in walls of blood vessels, joints, kidneys, and skin

70
Q

What are allergies

A

Harmless cells that the immune system interprets as foreign invaders

71
Q

How does the immune system typically react to peanut allergies

A

Tissue swelling, mucous secretion and sometimes blocked airways

72
Q

What does adrenaline do

A

Relives stress which will narrow blood vessels and open airways

73
Q

What are autoimmune diseases

A

Diseases that causes the body’s immune system to fight itself

74
Q

What is Epinephrine also known as

A

Adrenaline

Grade 12 Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions