Endocrine & Immune System Flashcards
Target and 1 function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Target: adrenal cortex
1. Stimulates stress related hormones
Target and 1 function of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Target: thyroid gland
1. Stimulates thyroxine release
Target and 1 function of somatotropin or growth hormone
Target: most cells
1. Promotes growth
Target and 2 functions of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Target: ovaries, testes
- In females stimulates follicle development in ovaries
- In males, promotes development of sperm cells in testes
Target and function of prolactin (PRL)
Target: mammary glands
1. Stimulates and maintains milk production in lactating females
Target of Thyrotropin-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Thyroid
Target and 2 functions of Oxytocin
Target: uterus, mammary glands
- Initiates strong contractions
- Triggers milk release
Target and 1 function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Target: kidneys
1. Increases water reabsorption by kidneys
What does insulin do?
Insulin decreases blood sugar by making cells more permeable to glucose
Insulin is produced by what?
Produced by Islets of Langerhans in Pancreas
What are endocrine hormones
Chemicals secreted by endocrine glands right into the blood
What are hormones
Chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body
What does the Parathyroid Hormone do
Regulates calcium levels
What does Gastrin do
Gastrin triggers cells in stomachs to produce digestive enzymes
What are the 2 types of hormones
Steroid and Protein
What are steroid hormones
Hormones made of cholesterol which is a lipid compound and also includes sex hormones and cortisol
2 features of steroid hormones
- Not soluble in water but only in fat
2. Made up of long chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What are protein hormones
Hormones made of amino acid chains and includes insulin and GH
What is cortisol
Is apart of the NFL for stress and it stimulates conversion of amino acids to glucose
5 things about Pituitary Gland
- Referred to as “master gland”
- Controls various glands
- Produces and stores hormones
- Hypothalamus triggers release of hormones from the pituitary gland through way of nerves or blood stream
- Found at base of the brain
2 lobes of pituitary gland
Anterior and Posterior
2 things about the Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Stores and releases harmonies like oxytocin and ADH
2. Triggers release through nerves
2 things about Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Produces it’s own hormones
2. Releases hormones into blood stream
What does Dopamine
Creates happiness but also inhibits the secretion of Prolactin (PRL)
What is Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
Basically a messenger that activates enzymes in cytoplasm to carry out normal everyday functions
What does Glucagon do
Increases the amount of Glucose in the blood stream
What does “hyper” mean
Too much
What does “glyco” mean
Sugar
What does “emia” mean
Refers to a condition of the blood
Where are adrenal glands located
Above the kidney
Norepinephrine definition
Increases heart rate and produces fight or flight response
What are the 2 important thyroid hormones
T4 = Thyroxine T3 = Triiodothyronine
What are T3’s and T4’s overall function
Regulate metabolism and growth of tissues
How is oxidized glucose broken up
60% is released from the body as heat where the other 40% is transformed to ATP (stored energy)
People who secrete low levels of T4 can experience what 4 things
- Muscle weakness
- Cold intolerance
- Dry skin
- Dry hair
What is Calcitonin
Hormone produced by thyroid that lowers calcium levels in the blood
What does Iodine prevent
Iodine prevents swelling of the thyroid which when swollen is called a “goiter”
What is Tetanus
Uncontrollable muscle twitches
Low calcium levels triggers what
Triggers release of Parathyroid Hormone which increases calcium levels and decreases phosphate levels
What percent of body’s calcium is held in storage
98%
What is the connection between thyroxine and the body
Thyroxine allows the body to better utilize glucose
What does Mad Cow Disease do
It prevents normal walking motion and eventually makes standing impossible
What is the pH of the body kept at
Between 3-5
What are leukocytes
WBC that engulfs invading microbes or produces antibodies
What are Granulocytes
Class of leukocytes that contain cytoplasmic granules and are made in bone marrow
What are Agranulocytes
WBCs that do not have cytoplasmic granules and are notifies in lymph nodes
What is the 3 steps of Phagocytosis
- Foreign invader penetrates skin
- Special leukocytes called monocytes migrate into tissue
- This then produces macrophages
What are Macrophages
Known as “big eaters” as they attach to microbe and engulfs it and is destroyed by enzymes within macrophage
What is a lysozyme
Secreted in tears, saliva, mucous, and sweat. Destroys cell walls of bacteria and kills them
What are the 2 different lymphocytes
T-cell and B-cell
What are T-cells
Produced in bone marrow and processed by thymus gland and it identifies and attacks foreign substances
What are B-cells
Made in bone marrow and are responsible for making antibodies
Why are HIV cells hard to destroy
HIV cells have a protein coat surrounding virus which prevents antibodys from knowing the structure of virus
What is a Helper T-cell
Had a receptor and binds to antigen sticking out of macrophage
What are Lymphokines
Released from T-cell and acts as a messenger between other T-cells and B-cells
What do Killer T-cells do
They puncture cell membrane of infected cell and kills the cell along with the invader
What is Cyclosporin
Drug that slows killer T-cells and is a immunosuppressant drug. Leaves you more susceptible to bacterial infection
What is a suppressor T-cell
Shuts down immune system and communicates with helper T-cells to maintain adequate antibodies
What are Memory B-cells
Responsible for storing blueprint of an antigen
What is Active Immunity
When body produces antibodys to fight invading antigens
What is Passive Immunity
When antibodys are introduced into the body directly, only provides temporary protection
How many Europeans where killed due to smallpox in the 18th century
60million
Can antibodys survive in the body forever
No
What is a “magic bullet”
Chemical substances that can be aimed at specific organisms and leave host cell undamaged
What is Actinomycete
A soil organism that produces a bacteria killing substance called “actinomycetin”
Who invented/founded penicillin
Fleming
What is Penicillin
Medicine that weakens bacteria cell walls to the point where the cytoplasms pressure is so much it bursts the cell resulting in death
What is Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
It results in the inability to produce T-cells and B-cells
What does Histamine do
Increases permeability of capillaries and causes redness
What is Lupus caused by
Caused by accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes that builds up in walls of blood vessels, joints, kidneys, and skin
What are allergies
Harmless cells that the immune system interprets as foreign invaders
How does the immune system typically react to peanut allergies
Tissue swelling, mucous secretion and sometimes blocked airways
What does adrenaline do
Relives stress which will narrow blood vessels and open airways
What are autoimmune diseases
Diseases that causes the body’s immune system to fight itself
What is Epinephrine also known as
Adrenaline
