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Intro to Animal Physiology > Nervous System 2 > Flashcards

Nervous System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the main regulatory system of the nervous system ?

A

1- sense environment
2- Transfer information centrally for processing
3. Respond

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2
Q

How are singe celled organisms nervous system evolved ?

A

-There brain is the nucleus
- Communication ( with other organelles ) via chemical release

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3
Q

How are multicellular organisms nervous system evolved ?

A
  • Brain = network of intercommunicating nerve cells which is the nerve net
  • Communication between cells - specialised into different functions e.g secretion, movement, defence
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4
Q

What are most animals that have distinct front and back ends ?

A

Most animals are bilaterally symmetrical around the midline, with distinct front and back ends

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5
Q

Where are sensory receptors clustered ?

A

Towards the front end (direction of movement )

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6
Q

What do the neurones that supply the sensory cluster grouped together form ?

A

The brain

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7
Q

What is segmentation in longitudinal centralisation ?

A

Aggregation of nerve cell bodies as individual ganglia in most segments

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8
Q

How does longitudinal centralisation affect co-ordination ?

A

The function of the body segment within that region
Neuronal cell bodies along the length of the body not all at the head.

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9
Q

What’s the function of the brain like in longitudinal centralisation ?

A

Decentralized due to neuronal cell bodies being along the length of the body. Neurones projecting to and from each ganglion.

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10
Q

What are the 3 broad types of neurones ?

A
  1. AFFERENT NEURONES
    - Information flow via axon towards control centre
  2. EFFERENT NEURONES
    - Information flow via axon away from control centre
  3. INTERNEURONES
    - Central connections
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11
Q

What increases with interneurones and synapses ?

A

Increase complexity

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of neurones ?

A

1- UNIPOLAR
- Branched axon
- No dendrites

2- BIPOLAR
- Axon and a dendrite

3- MULTIPOLAR
-Axon and several dendrites

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13
Q

What are the 2 main anatomical divisions ?

A
  1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
    - Brain
    - Spinal cord
  2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
    -Everything outside CNS
    - Afferent (sensory ) neurone
    - Efferent ( motor ) neurones
    - Axons of these run together as peripheral nerves.
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14
Q

What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves On Old Olympus Towering Top, A Friendly Viking Grew Vines And Hops?

A

I = olfactory
11 = optic
iii = oculomotor
iv = trochlear
v = trigemenial
vi = Abducens
vii = Facial
Viii = vestibulocochlear
ix = Glossopharyngeal
x = vagus
xi = accessory
xii = hypoglossal

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15
Q

What are the two main functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system ?

A

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Afferents from skin, joints, muscles
- Efferents to skeletal muscle
- Posture, movement, reflexes
DETECTS AND RESPONDS TO EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

AUTOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Afferents from internal organs
- Efferents to smooth/cardiac muscle and glands
- Control endocrine function and homeostasis
DETECTS AND RESPONDS TO INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

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16
Q

What are 4 external events that sensory neurones can detect ?

A
  • touch
  • Temp
  • Pain
  • taste
17
Q

What are 4 internal events that the sensory neurone can detect ?

A
  • Blood pressure
  • Blood volume
  • Osmolatility
  • Temperature
18
Q

what occurs when a sensory receptor detects an event ?

A

Leads to an action potential in afferent neurones which are conducted to the CNS

19
Q

What are the features of a somatic response ?

A
  • Skeletal muscles
  • Voluntary control
  • Rapid and precise
  • Mainly to affect external events
20
Q

What are features of an autonomic response ?

A
  • Internal organs - smooth muscles and glands
  • Involuntary
  • Rather slow
  • For control of internal systems
21
Q

What is a motor response due to ?

A

Due to action potentials in efferent neurones arising from the CNS

22
Q

What’s the two subdivisions of the automatic nervous system ?

A

SYMPATHETIC - Flight or fight
PARASYMPATHETIC - Rest and Digest which is more selective

23
Q

What’s the anatomy of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system 1. CNS location
2. Pre-ganglionic
3. Post-ganglionic ?

A

SYMPATHETIC
1. Thoraccolumbar SC
2. Short
3. Long

PARASYMPATHETIC
1. Medulla and Sacral SC
2. Long
3. Short

24
Q

What’s the pharmacology for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
1. Pre-ganglionic
2. Post-ganglionic ?

A

SYMPATHETIC
1. Acetylcholine
2. Noradrenaline

PARASYMPATHETIC
1. Acetylcholine
2. Acetylcholine

25
Q

What’s the function of the Afferent ( sensory ) neurone and efferent ( motor ) neurone ?

A

To produce a response to stimuli respectively

26
Q

What divisions is the control of the ANS through ?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

27
Q
A

Intro to Animal Physiology (9 decks)

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