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Intro to Animal Physiology > Homeostatis > Flashcards

Homeostatis Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis ?

A

Maintenance of a stable internal state
Dynamic process requiring constant physiological adjustments

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2
Q

What is negative feedback ?

A

To keep the internal state constant, organisms need to detect changes in the external or internal environment and respond accordingly.

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3
Q

How kind of response does the body produce during negative feedback ?

A

Physiological response in OPPOSITE direction to detected change

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4
Q

What are the 3 attributes in a negative feedback system ?

A
  1. SENSOR - detects change in external environment
  2. INTEGRATOR - compares detected change with set-point of system
    3.EFFECTOR - includes response to restore system back to set-point.
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5
Q

Explain antagonistic control ?

A

Control changes in a variable in BOTH directions
e.g body temp
too hot - sweat

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6
Q

What is negative feedback controlled by ?

A

Negative feedback is controlled by automatic physiological responses and voluntary behaviour, which acts as an effector

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7
Q

What are the 3 disadvantages of negative feedback ?

A
  1. Delay between when change is detected and response is initiated
    - by the time response kicks in, already have change from set point
  2. Delay in stopping response once set-point is re-established
    - overshoot beyond set point
  3. May not function properly in extreme environments
    e.g pressure
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8
Q

How does anticipation improve negative feedback ?

A

So can predict external change before it occurs
Turn off compensatory response before it overshoots set point
e.g boiler shuts off just before reaching set temp.

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9
Q

How does acclimatisation improve negative feedback ?

A

Adaption that alters negative feedback gradually in new environment
- adding fat layers too keep warm in the winter
- Increased blood cell production at higher altitude.

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10
Q

What are three exceptions where set point of body condition is changed ?

A
  1. TEMPORARY - Fever - to fight infection
  2. PERMANNT - Puberty - to increase sex hormones
  3. CYCLICAL -
    -Daily
    - monthly
    -annual
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11
Q

What’s positive feedback ?

A

Mechanism to create a rapid, temporary change from set-point
Change detected causes further change in the same direction

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12
Q

What is enantiotasis ?

A

Maintaining homeostasis by changing one physiological variable to compensate for a change in another separate variable.
e.g blue crabs can live in the ocean or in river estuaries

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13
Q

Explain the enantiostasis process when blue crabs moe from ocean to estuary ( fresh water ) ?

A
  1. Low salt reduces 02 binding to haemocyanin
  2. Compensation by increasing internal ammonia levels
  3. Ammonia increases internal alkalinity
  4. Alkalinity increases 02 binding to haemocyanin
  5. Increases 02 available to cells.
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14
Q

Suggest a few physiological process that are not regulated by homeostasis ?

A

development and growth

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15
Q

Suggest physiological processes that occur on demand and stop completely when not needed ?

A

DIGESTIVE TRACT - Glands, muscles active during digestion only

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16
Q

What could ongoing disruption of homeostasis or changing of set-points cause ?

A

DEATH OR ILLNESS

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17
Q

What are 3 ways you can classify animals based on how they maintain homeostasis ?

A

CONFORMERS - Internal state matches external environment
REGULATORS - maintain constant internal state
AVOIDERS - Maintains internal state by avoiding environmental change

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18
Q

Explain how maintaining homeostasis requires regulation of physiological responses at several different levels of organisation of the organism ?

A

Homeostasis is essential for the survival of cells which make up body systems which maintain homeostasis

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19
Q

What do cells do for self organisation -3- ?

A
  1. Obtain nutrients and energy source
  2. Produce energy, eliminate waste by products
  3. Synthesise proteins needed for cellular function
20
Q

What do cells do for self support ?

A

Synthesis of proteins needed to maintain shape of cell

21
Q

What do cells do for self-replication ?

A

Cell division

22
Q

What do cells do for self regulation ?

A
  1. Maintain constant internal state
  2. Control exchange of molecules between inside and outside of cell
  3. Repair damage
23
Q

Explain the roles of Gland cells, Neurons, Kidney cells and Muscle cells ?

A

GLAND CELLS - Secretion of molecules
NEURONS - Electrical conductivity
KIDNEY CELLS - Material exchange
MUSCLE CELLS - Movement

24
Q

Explain structure of epithelial tissue ?

A
  1. Epithelial cells are joined together tightly to form epithelial sheets that cover or line various organs
  2. Epithelial sheets form a boundary separating body from external environment, including interior in contact with external environment
  3. Only selected transfer of materials occurs across epithelial sheets
25
Q

What is function of connective tissue and loose connective tissue ?

A

Connective tissue connects, supports, and anchors various body parts.
Loose connective tissue attaches epithelium to underlying structures

26
Q

What attaches muscle to bone and what attaches bone together - what is the function of bone ?

A

Tendons attach muscle to bone and ligaments attach bones together.
Bones provide shape, support and protection

27
Q

What is muscular tissue ad name the 3 types of muscles in a vertebrate ?

A

MUSCULAR TISSUE - Consists of cells specialised for contraction and force generation

28
Q

What are nervous tissues ?

A

Consist of cells specialised for electrical conductivity
Electrical impulses relay information throughout body

29
Q

What’s an organ system ?

A

2 + organs working together towards a common function

30
Q

What is an organism ?

A

Collection of systems which are separate from external environment

31
Q

How do single cell organisms regulate internal environment ?

A

Via direct contact with exterior

32
Q

What is the extracellular fluid that surrounds the cells and what are the 2 types ?

A

1 - interstitial fluid
2. Plasma

Contains 02, nutrients, H20
Contains waste by-products of chemical reactions

33
Q

What are the 4 internal environmental factors that have to be kept constant in animal cells ?

A
  1. Replacement of nutrients, 02
  2. Removal of waste ( toxic e.g excess C02 causes more acidity )
  3. Maintenance of optimal electrolyte levels which affects volume of H20 in cells
  4. Maintenance of temp
34
Q

How do cells exchange material ?

A

Cells exchange material with the interstitial fluid, occurs via the PLASMA MEMBRANE
- Lipid bilayer
- Protein channels
Many exchange mechanisms are active processes

35
Q

How is interstitial fluid maintained constant in the digestive tract, respiratory system and the circulatory system ?

A

Epithelial cells in different organs / systems work together to keep concentration of materials within narrow limits
- DIGESTIVE TRACT - Nutrients absorbed from external environment
- RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - 02 entry from, C02 exit to external environment
-CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Brings nutrients / 02, removes waste

36
Q

What is intrinsic regulation of homeostasis and give an example ?

A

Regulated by one tissue type or organ
Control is fast because it occurs locally
e.g Brief exercise
- Muscle uses 02 and produces C02
- Decreased 02 / increased CO2 cause local blood vessels to relax
- Results in more blood flow to muscle

37
Q

Explain what Extrinsic exercise is and an example ?

A

Regulated by interactions between different organ systems
Control is slower because it occurs throughout the body
e.g Prolonged exercise
-diversion of blood flow away from digestive tract to muscle

38
Q

What do control systems do to homeostatsis ?

A

Regulate homeostasis indirectly via other systems

39
Q

What is the nervous system and endocrine system give examples ?

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM
- rapid coordination of body systems in response to external change
- simple reflexes
- complex behaviour

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM -
Slower. longer lasting regulation of body systems
- digestion
- fluid balance
- behaviour

40
Q

How does the skeleton and musculature help control homeostasis ?

A

SKELETON -
- Support for other systems and movement ( with musculature )
- Ca2+ homeostasis

MUSCULATURE
- Movement ( with skeleton )
- Involved in various homeostatic responses.

41
Q

What are 6 maintenance systems that regulate homeostasis directly ?

A
  1. Respiratory
  2. Circulatory
  3. Digestive
  4. Excretory
  5. Immune
  6. Integumentary
42
Q

What homeostasis process occurs in respiratory and circulatory systems ?

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM -
Gas exchange between interior and exterior
Acidity homeostasis

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Material transport from exterior ( 02) and around body ( nutrients )

43
Q

Explain what homeostasis system occurs in digestive and excretory system ?

A

DIGESTIVE -
Obtains nutrients, H20, electrolytes
Elimination of solid waste
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Fluid balance by removing excess H20
Elimination of liquid waste

44
Q

What homeostasis systems occur in the integumentary and the immune system ?

A

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM - -Outer layer provides protection and defence against microbes
-Prevents loss of fluid from the interior
- Temperature homeostasis

IMMUNE SYSTEM
- Defends against microbes and repairs damage

45
Q

What systems maintain homeostasis when maintaining body temp in cool environment ?

A
  • Nervous system detects cool external temp
  • Signals muscles to generate heat by contracting
  • Respiratory and circulatory systems provide 02 for muscles
46
Q
A

Intro to Animal Physiology (9 decks)

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