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BIO 102 Quarterly 2 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the invertebrate nervous system?

A

Radially symmetrical animals have a diffuse, web like system of
interconnected neurons extending throughout the body. (nerve net)
* Most bilaterally symmetrical animals evolved
* Cephalization
* Centralization

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2
Q

What is cephalization?

A

concentration of the nervous system at the head
end

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3
Q

What is centralization?

A

presence of a central nervous system distinct from
a peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

What makes up a vertebrate nervous system?

A

Central and Peripheral nervous systems

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5
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

Brain, and spinal cord

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6
Q

What does the Peripheral nervous consist of?

A

Cranial nerves, ganglia outside CNS, and spinal nerves

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7
Q

What does a dendrite do?

A

receives signals from other neurons

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8
Q

What does the cell body/soma do?

A

Integrates signals

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9
Q

What does the Myelin Sheath do?

A

insulates axon, which increases signal transmission speed

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10
Q

What does the axon terminal do?

A

releases neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons

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11
Q

What does the axon do?

A

Transmits signals away from the cell body

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12
Q

What does the neuroglia do?

A

Supports cells

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13
Q

What is the order of sensory perception?

A

Affector cells, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector cells

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14
Q

What are the division of the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Stimuli, Sensory Receptors, CNS

Motor neurons, Autonomic/Somatic System, Parasympathetic/Sympathetic/Enteric Division

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15
Q

What is the Somatic (Motor) System?

A

Control of skeletal muscle

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16
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Division?

A

“Reserve & Conserve”

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17
Q

What is the Sympathetic Division?

A

“Fight or flight”

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18
Q

What is the Enteric Division?

A

Control of digestive system

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19
Q

Order of reflexes

A

sensory receptor, sensory neuron, CNS, PNS

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20
Q

What is the synaptic terminal?

A

Sending of neuron

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21
Q

What are the two types of inputs?

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory

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22
Q

What is excitatory?

A

excite a receiving cell

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23
Q

What is inhibitory inputs?

A

inhibit a receiving cell’s activity
by decreasing its ability to develop action potentials

24
Q

What determines if a neuron will transmit a nerve signal?

A

The summation of excitation and inhibition; if the excitatory neurotransmitters are strong enough to overcome the inhibitory and reach the threshold of excitation, the neuron will fire

25
What are the three common neurotransmitters?
Acetylcholine, Epinephrine, Serotonin
26
What is Acetylcholine?
*(Excites) A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction
27
What is epinephrine?
*(excite) * Causes the feeling of being “revved up” or on edge * Activates a “fight or flight” reaction in the autonomic nervous system
28
What is serotonin?
*(inhibit) *Attention and other complex cognitive functions, such as sleep (dreaming), eating, mood, pain regulation * distributed throughout the brain, stomach and spinal cord *A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood.
29
What is a difference between the autonomic and somatic divisions of the PNS?
Somatic controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles, while autonomic controls involuntary functions
30
Why are neurons found in white matter said to have a faster rate of transmission throughout the nervous system than those in grey matter?
Neurons in white matter are myelinated which acts as an insulator, allowing for saltatory conduction, speeding up the signal transmission.
31
What is saltatory conduction?
Rapid jumping action potentials between Nodes of Ranvier
32
What are neurotransmitters?
chemical messengers that transform signals across the synapse from one neuron to anther
33
How does the exposure to certain substances alter neural signaling?
Being exposed to drugs or toxins can modulate neurotransmitter release, receptor activity or reuptake mechanisms
34
Why is damage to the central nervous system a major concern?
It can lead to permanent loss of function, as neurons in the CNS have limited capacity for regeneration. This differs from other tissues like the skin or muscle, which can heal and regenerate more effectively.
35
What is the Cerebrum?
Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body
36
What is the Cerebellum?
posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance
37
What is the meninges?
three layers of connective tissue in which the brain and spinal cord are wrapped
38
What is the Cerebrospinal Fluid?
Surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Provides protection and nourishment to the CNS.
39
What are convlusions?
the folds in the cerebral cortex that increase the surface area of the brain
40
What is a receptor?
A small area on the dendrite that receives the signal from the other neuron
41
What is a sensory neuron?
Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
42
What is an interneuron?
A neuron that carries nerve impulses from one neuron to another
43
What is a motor neuron?
Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.
44
What is the order of neurons?
sensory, interneuron, motor neuron
45
What is an impulse?
Electrical signals-messages carried by a neuron-temporary positive charge inside a neuron *ONLY FREQENCY CHANGES NOT STRENGTH
46
What is reversal of charges?
when a neuron temporarily goes from negative to positive while an impulse passes through
47
What is a neurotransmitter?
chemical used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell
48
What is a threshold?
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
49
What are electrochemical signals?
used to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next; axon terminals are separated from neighboring neurons by a small gap called a synapse, across which impulses are sent.
50
What is regulation?
an ability to control an organism's internal environment within limits that sustain life
51
What are nerves?
Bundles of neurons
52
What are neurons?
A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
53
What is a sodium/potassium pump?
Transports sodium ions out of cells and potassium ions in
54
What is action potential?
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
55
What is the synapse/synaptic cleft?
The space between the axon terminal and the dendrite of another neuron
56
What are chemical signals?
Molecules secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid. Used by the endocrine system (hormones) to send messages throughout the body

BIO 102 Quarterly 2 (5 decks)

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