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BIO 102 Quarterly 2 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrients?

A

Substances in food that your body needs to grow, to repair itself, and to supply you with energy

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2
Q

What is a calorie?

A

A unit of heat used to measure the energy your body uses and the energy it receives from food
1000 calories

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3
Q

What is the order of food processing?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

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4
Q

What are the two types of digestive tracts?

A

Incompelte and complete tracts

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5
Q

What is an incomplete tract

A

Ex: Planarian
*Food enters through mouth and muscular pharynx
* Wastes exit through mouth and muscular pharynx
* Lacks specialized parts

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6
Q

What is a complete tract?

A

Ex: Earthworm
* Food enters through mouth
* Wastes exit through anus

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7
Q

Where do sponges and protista digest food?

A

In vacuoles

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8
Q

Where do most animals digest foods?

A

compartments

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9
Q

What is a gastrovascular cavity?

A

a single
opening, the mouth
* Food enters the mouth
* Enzymes from cells lining the gastrovascular cavity break down the food
* Other cells engulf these small food particles
* Undigested materials are expelled back out the mouth
ex: cnidarians and flatworms

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10
Q

What is the order of gastrovascular digestion of a hydra?

A

enzymes released, food broken down, food particel engulfed, and particle digested in vacuole

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11
Q

What is an alimentary canal?

A

digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines, Rectum, and Anus

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12
Q

What is an example of a specialized compartment found in incomplete digestive tracts?

A

the gastrovascular cavity

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13
Q

What is an example of a specialized compartment of complete digestive tracts?

A

alimentary canal

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14
Q

What is a monogastric digestive system?

A

Single chambered stomach
* Humans and herbivores, such as the rabbit

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15
Q

What is the process of rabbit digestion?

A

rabbits digest their food twice: 1) Food passes through
the digestive system, collects in the cecum, and then it
passes as soft feces called cecotrophes. 2) The rabbit re-
ingests these cecotrophes to further digest them

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16
Q

Who have specialized digestive systems?

A

birds and ruminants

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17
Q

What is the digestive system of a bird like?

A

A crop stores food
* Two stomachs:
* the proventriculus
(enzymes) and the gizzard
(grinding).
* One openings to excrete urine
and feces = the cloaca

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18
Q

What is the digestive system of a ruminant like?

A

Four stomachs:
* the rumen and the reticulum –
contain prokaryotes and
protists to digest cellulose
fiber
* Cud is regurgitated chewed
and swallowed in third
stomach, the omasum –
removes water
* Cud then passes onto the
abomasum – enzymes
produced by animal

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19
Q

What is a herbivore?

A

animals whose primary food source is
plant-based

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20
Q

What is a carnivore?

A

animals that eat other animals
* Obligate carnivores are those that rely entirely on animal
flesh to obtain their nutrients
* Facultative carnivores are those that also eat non-animal
food in addition to animal food – but generally do best
eating animals

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21
Q

What is an omnivore:

A

animals that eat both plant- and
animal-derived food – and do well eating either

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22
Q

How are herbivore adapted to their diet?

A
  • Incisors for clipping
  • Premolars and molars for grinding
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23
Q

How are carnivores adapted to their diets?

A

*Pointed incisors and enlarged canines
* Shear off pieces small enough to swallow

24
Q

How are omnivores adapted to their diets?

A

*Variety of specializations
* Accommodate both vegetation and meat

25
What is peristalsis?
food moving along by alternating waves of contraction and relaxation by smooth muscle in the walls of the canal
26
What is the human digestive system?
1. food is moved along by peristalsis 2. food is moved into and out of the stomach by sphincters 3. final steps of digestion and nutrient absorption in humans occur in the small intestine 4. undigested materials move through the large intestine, and feces are stored in the rectum and then expelled out the anus
27
What are the steps of digestion?
Ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
28
What is ingestion?
taking food into your body
29
What is propulsion?
moving the food along through the system (swallowing, peristalsis)
30
What are the two types of digestion?
mechanical and chemical digestion
31
What is mechanical digestion?
Grinding and breaking down food by physical means
32
What is chemical digestion?
The biochemical breakdown of food
33
What is absorption?
Nutrients moving into the the blood vessels to transported around the body.
34
What is elimination?
Undigested waste being removed from the body
35
Where does digestion begin?
In the oral cavity: * Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion begin in the mouth * Chewing cuts, smashes, and grinds food, making it easier to swallow * The tongue * tastes the food * shapes the food into a ball called a bolus * moves it toward the pharynx
36
What is mastication
the partial digestion of food
37
What is the pharynx?
the throat * transmits solid food, liquids, air * muscular contractions in pharyngeal muscles initiate swallowing
38
What is the epiglottis?
a door-liek flap of cartilage that moves upward, preventing the food from entering the trachea
39
What is the esophagus?
muscular tube, about 0.8 inch diameter * begins at pharynx, ends at stomach
40
What does the stomach do?
stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes
41
What does the stomach secrete?
gastric juice *mucus * a protein-digesting enzyme (pepsin) * strong acid – pH 2 * kills ingested bacteria, breaks apart cells in food, and denatures proteins
42
What prevents the gastric juices from digesting the walls of the stomach?
*The secretion of pepsin in the inactive form of pepsinogen helps protect the cells of the gastric glands. * Mucus helps protect the stomach lining against acid and pepsin. * New cells lining the stomach are produced by mitosis about every three days to replace those that have been damaged
43
What does the liver do?
process and detoxifies blood from the intestines (largest organ in the body) * converts glucose in blood to glycogen * stores glycogen and releases sugars back into the blood as needed * synthesizes many proteins * including blood-clotting proteins and lipoproteins that transport fats and cholesterol to body cells * modifies substances absorbed in the digestive tract into less toxic forms (e.g. alcohol) * produces bile (for lipid emulsification)
44
What is the gallbladder?
A muscular sac that stores bile produced by liver
45
What is the small intestine?
The major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
46
What is the large intestine?
cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal *reabsorbs water and minerals *passes waste and some water to rectum
47
What are the accessory organs?
Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas.
48
what is the mouth
where digestion begins
49
What is the salivary glands?
produce saliva which breaks down carbohydrates (starch) with the enzyme amylase
50
What is the pharynx?
the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.
51
What are villi?
Small fingerlike projections on the walls of the small intestines that increase surface area for nutrient absorption
52
What are microvilli?
projections on the villi that increase the cell's surface area
53
What is absorption?
The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood
54
What is the pancreas?
gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food
55

BIO 102 Quarterly 2 (5 decks)

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