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BIO 102 Quarterly 2 > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What are glands?

A

Organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many of our bodily functions

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical substances that carry messages through the body in blood

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3
Q

What are ducts?

A

Tubes that lead from a gland to a target organ

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4
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct- NOT secreted into the blood stream

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5
Q

What are ductless glands?

A

Endocrine glands that produce hormones which are released into the blood or lymph.

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6
Q

What are protein hormones?

A

Hormones that are long chains of amino acids

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7
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

Hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol that are small, hydophobic molecules (lipid-soluble)

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8
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

brain region controlling the pituitary gland

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9
Q

What is the pituitary?

A

at the base of the brain; stimulates growth and controls functions of other glands

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10
Q

What is the parathyroid?

A

An endocrine gland in the neck that produces parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the blood

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11
Q

What is the parathyroxin?

A

Hormone secreted by the parathyroid that regulates calcium levels in the blood

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12
Q

What is the thyroid?

A

endocrine gland located below the voice box; it produces hormones which control metabolism

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13
Q

What is the thyroxin?

A

Produced by the thyroid gland and controls the body’s metabolic rate

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14
Q

What is the thymus?

A

Gland in the thoracic cavity above the heart that is involved with the immune system

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15
Q

What is the thymosin?

A

Regulates immune response

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16
Q

What is adrenal?

A

A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys that release adrenaline/epinephrine

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17
Q

what is epinephrine?

A

One of the hormones that are released by the body in times of stress-aka adrenaline

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18
Q

what is the pineal?

A

Glands which releases melatonin which controls sleep

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19
Q

what is melatonin?

A

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.

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20
Q

What does the pancreas do (endocrine)?

A

Produces insulin which regulates the level of sugar in the blood

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21
Q

What is insulin?

A

Pancreatic hormone that:
*is produced by beta cells of pancreas
* Lowers blood sugar by increasing cellular
uptake and utilization by cells
* Deficiency results in diabetes mellitus

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22
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A pancreatic hormone that:
*Antagonist to insulin
* Produced by alpha cells of pancreas
* Raises blood sugar by targeting liver to break
down glycogen

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23
Q

What is diabetes?

A

caused by the body’s inability to produce and/or use insulin
* thereby decreasing the absorption of glucose from the blood and resulting
in :
* elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)
* sugar in the urine
* excessive thirst
* weight loss
* weakness & fatigue
* visual disturbances

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24
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

*Causes uterine contractions
* Stimulates lactation
* Release during intercourse
* Social recognition
* Bonding (the cuddle hormone)
* Maternal behavior

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25
What are the two types of voles?
Prairie and montane
26
what are Praire Voles?
* Extremely monogamous * Lots of receptors for oxytocin * The release of oxytocin after first mating bonds the voles for life
27
What are montane voles?
* NOT monogamous * Lower levels of oxytocin and few receptors for oxytocin
28
What two systems are responsible for coordinating the functions throughout the body?
The nervous and endocrine systems?
29
What is the difference between the nervous and endocrine systems?
Endocrine system: * made of glands which secrete hormones * slower and more sustained responses * May have widespread general effects. Nervous system: * made of nerve cells * faster and less sustained responses. * Typically acts locally, impacting a specific effector
30
Why must organisms communicate with each other?
* to maintain homeostasis * to carry out other coordinated functions
31
How are our body functions coordinated?
Through chemical and eletrical signals
32
What are the two major classes of hormones?
Amino acid derived hormones and steroid hormones
33
What are amino acid derived hormones?
large, hydrophilic molecules (water- soluble) * proteins, peptides, and amines (most of the hormones produced are these)
34
Which hormones are lipophilic?
steroid hormones
35
What does it mean to be lipophilic?
hormones can bind or dissolve in lipids (they can cross membrane and bind into intracellular receptors)
36
Which hormone is considered to be intracellular?
Steroid hormones
37
Which type of hormone is considered to be a plasma membrane receptor/cell surface receptor?
amino acid derived hormones
38
What are the stages of hormone signaling?
Reception, singal transduction and response
39
What is reception of the signal?
occurs when a hormone binds to a specific receptor protein on or in the target cell
40
What is signal transduction?
converts the signal from one form to another
41
What is response?
change in the cell’s behavior
42
What stimulates an endocrine gland to produce a hormone?
a stimulus (humoral, neural, or hormonal)
43
What is a humoral stimuli?
a change in levels of certain ions and nutrients is the stimulus
44
What is a neural stimuli?
the nervous system
45
What is a hormonal stimuli?
hormones can also stimulate endocrine glands.
46
What are the two types of homeostatic mechanisms in hormone control?
Negative and Positive feedback
47
What is negative feedback?
shuts down the system; regulatory process * Example: * high b.g. levels = release of insulin = blood glucose decreases * low b.g. levels = insulin secretion stops
48
What is positive feedback?
stimulates process to continue * Example: * Oxytocin and child birth
49
What is the override in our body?
The nervous system
50
What is the hormonal regulation of the excretory system?
Aldosterone, Pancreatic hormones
51
What is aldosterone?
a steroid hormone * Produced by adrenal cortex * Main regulator of water and electrolytes such as sodium and potassium in the body * Promotes reabsorption of water * Released due to the signaling of the renin angiotensin system, whereas ADH is released with the function of osmo-receptors
52
What is are the two components of the pancreatic hormones?
insulin and glucagon
53
What two types of tissue make up the pancreas?
Exocrine and endocrine tissue
54
What does the exocrine tissue in the pancreas do?
produces and secretes digestive juices
55
What does the endocrine tissue in the pancreas do?
pancreatic islets, produces and secretes insulin and glucagon directly into the blood
56
What are antagoinstic hormones?
Insulin and glucagon-the effects of one oppose the effects of the other. * The balance in secretion of insulin and glucagon maintains a homeostatic “set point” of glucose in the blood. * Two negative feedback systems manage the amount of glucose circulating in the blood.
57
What are the three types of daibetes?
Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational Diabetes
58
What is Type 1 Diabetes?
(insulin-dependent) = autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of insulin-producing cells
59
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
(non-insulin-dependent) = reduced response to insulin (target cells lack receptors) * associated with lifestyle (overweight & inactive)
60
What is gestational diabetes?
pregnancy induced * can lead to dangerously large babies, which can complicate delivery
61
What regulates growth and cell replication?
Growth Hormones that release and inhibit hormones from the hypothalamus
62
What are growth hormones?
Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration * Increases rate of protein synthesis * Is glucose sparing
63
What gland controls stress?
adrenal glands
64
What is short term stress?
Epinephrine for “fight or flight” from adrenal gland * Adrenal medulla
65
What is long term stress?
Cortisol for long term response * Adrenal Cortex * Anti-inflammatory
66
What makes up each adrenal gland?
adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
67
What is the adrenal medulla?
(center) – short term response
68
What is the adrenal coretex?
(outer) – long term response
69
What do both the adrenal medulla and cortex secrete?
hormones that enable the body to respond to stress
70
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
adrenoncoricotrophic hormone and mineralocorticoids (both help maintain homeostasis when the body experiences long-term stress)
71
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine (both trigger fight or flight)
72
Where do hormones come from?
The cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones make up the endocrine system (exocrine, nonedocrine and endocrine)
73
What are nonendocrine cells/glands?
cells that release hormones, but the organ itself isn't apart of the endocrine system (stomach)
74
What does the hypothalamus do?
connects the nervous and endocrine systems the control center of the endocrine system Regulates the internal environment through the autonomic nervous system * controls glandular secretions of the pituitary gland
75
What are the hormones of the posteroir pituitary?
antidiuretic hormone and oxytoicn
76
What is the anterioir pituitary?
*Responsible for multiple hormones * Composed of epithelial cells * Secretion regulated by hypothalamus * releasing hormones stimulate (promote) the anterior pituitary * inhibiting hormones inhibit (stop secretion) the anterior pituitary
77
What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?
Peptide hormones, protein hormones, and glycoprotein hormones
78
What does the pancreas do (exocrine)?
Secretes digestive enzymes (pancreatic duct), digestive enzymes (lipases, carbohydrates, proteases) & buffers
79
What are gonads?
sex glands (ovaries in famales and testes in males) that secrete sex hormones and produce gametes
80
How do steroid affect sex hormones?
*affect growth * affect development * regulate reproductive cycles and sexual behavior
81
What are the three categories of sex hormones?
estrogen, progestin, and androgen
82
What is estrogen?
maintain the female reproductive system and promote the development of female characteristics
83
What is progestin?
prepare and maintain the uterus to support a developing embryo
84
What is androgen (testosterone)?
stimulate the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system

BIO 102 Quarterly 2 (5 decks)

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