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Intergrated Human Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is grey matter

A

Contains the body of the neurons and axon terminals
-located in the outer region of the brain

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2
Q

What is white matter

A

Contains the nerves (axons) connecting different region of the NS to each other or the body
-located in the inner region of the brain

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3
Q

What are the afferent neurones

A

nerves responsible for bringing sensory information from the outside world into the brain

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4
Q

What are the efferent neurones

A

nerves responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

What is ganglia

A

Structures containing neurons outside of the CNS

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6
Q

Outline the somatic nervous system

A

conscious perception of environmental changes through somatic sensory neurones of the PNS

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7
Q

Outline the autonomic nervous system

A

Unconscious perception of external or internal changes through visceral sensory neurones in both CNS and PNS

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8
Q

Outline the enteric nervous system

A

Unconscious perception of internal changes within the gastrointestinal tract through visceral sensory neurons in gastrointestinal tract

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9
Q

What are neurones

A

Smallest functional unit of the brain
Responsible for transmission of signal

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10
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Surround the axon of the neurones
Glial cells myelinate the axon of the neurones
Saltatory conduction makes it faster
Schwann cells in PNS
Oligodenocytes in CNS

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11
Q

What are the three units the brain can be divided into

A

-forebrain (brain cortex+ hidden structures)
-midbrain (mesencephalon)
-hindbrain(upper part of the spinal cord, brain stem and the cerebellum)

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12
Q

Outline hemispheric lateralisation

A

Each hemisphere is responsible for different functions
Left->language functions
Right-> visual spatial functions

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13
Q

Name the 5 lobes and their function

A

Frontal- motor
Parietal- somatosensory
Occipital- visual
Temporal- auditory
Limbic- process and regulate emotion and memory

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14
Q

Outline the function of the amygdala.

A

Involved in fear and emotions

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15
Q

Define the hippocampus

A

Involved in memory and high cognitive functions

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16
Q

Define the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Thalamus- relays information between the cerebral cortex, brain stem, and other cortical structures
Hypothalamus- modulates a range of behavior and physiological functions

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17
Q

Outline the basal ganglia

A

Group of neurones that regulate the coordination of the fine motor movements,balance, and posture alongside the cerebellum

18
Q

What are the components of the basal ganglia

A

Striatum- caudate, putamen
Lenntiform- globes pallidus, putamen

19
Q

Outline the ventricles and cerebrospinal fluids

A

Ventricles- fluid-filled interconnected cavities which are extensions of the spinal cord
Produce cerebrospinal fluid that circulates the brain and spinal cord and functions to cushion the brain within the skull

20
Q

Outline what is involved in the midbrain and its function

A

Mesencephalon- controlling the process of vision, pupil dial action, eye movement, hearing, regulating movements of muscles

21
Q

Outline what is in the hindbrain

A

-upper part of the spinal cord
-brain stem
-cerebellum

22
Q

What is vermis

A

Bundle of axons

23
Q

What structures are in the brain stem

A

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

24
Q

What is the function of the medulla

A

Autonomic functions

25
Q

What is the function of the pons

A

Relaying sensory information between the cerebrum and cerebellum, sleep and arousal

26
Q

What is the function of the midbrain

A

Visual and auditory reflexes and information

27
Q

Identify areas in the spinal cord

A

Dorsal horns
Dorsal root ganglia
Ventral horns
Ventral root
White matter- ascendent or descendent tracts
Decussation= X

28
Q

Outline the PNS cranial nerves

A

-nerves attached to the brain
- 12 nerves
- 3 are solely sensory fibres
- 5 are motor fibres
-4 are mixed of sensory and motor

29
Q

Define a neurotransmitter

A

Biochemical that mediates fast-acting direct communication between two neurones

30
Q

Define neruomodulators

A

Biochemical that modulates activity of neruons and neural networks by changing the ability of neurones to response to neurotransmitters

31
Q

Outline what ionotropic receptors are

A

Rapid but short-lived effects

32
Q

Outline what metabotropic receptors are

A

G coupled proteins- second messenger (cAMP)
Chnage in membrane potential happens more slowly, but is typically long-lasting

33
Q

Outline Glutamate

A

-major excitatory neurotransmitter
-excitotoxic potential

34
Q

Outline GABA

A

-most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

35
Q

Outline Acetylcholine

A

-the magnocellular basal forebrain cholinergic system
-the brain stem cholinergic system
Plays an important role in cognitive function

36
Q

Outline noradrenaline

A

Central noradrenergic system is composed of the dorsal noradregernic bundle and the ventral noradregernic bundle
Involved in fight or flight response

37
Q

Outline the DNB

A

Originates from the ponds
Predominant site of noradrenaline production in the CNS

38
Q

Outline dopamine in Mesolimbic

A

Involved in pleasure and reward
VTA projects dopaminergic fibres to the NAc

39
Q

Outline dopamine in the mesocortical pathway

A

From the VTA to the areas in the PFC

40
Q

Outline dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway

A

Involved in motor planning
Start in the substantial nigra and go to the Caudate and putamen parts of the basal ganglia
Contains around 80% of dopamine in the brain

41
Q

Outline dopamine in the tuberinfundibular

A

Within the hypothalamus
D is released into the portal circulation that connects this region to the pituitary gland
D inhibits prolactin release

42
Q

Outline serotonin

A

Majority of the projections arise from the dorsal and median raphe nuclei- in the brain stem- and innervate amygdala, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex and part of the hippocampus

Intergrated Human Physiology (5 decks)

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