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Intergrated Human Physiology > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Name the four layers of the GI tract wall

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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2
Q

Outline the mucosa layer

A

Mucous membrane (epithelial cell layer)
Lamina propria ( connective tissue & GALT)
Muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle)

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3
Q

Outline the submucosa layer

A

Connective tissue containing nerves (submucosal plexus), blood vessels and glands

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4
Q

Outline the Muscularis layer

A

Circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle, nerves

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5
Q

Outline the serosa layer

A

Lubricating outer layer of connective tissue
Secretes serous fluid
Connects GI tract to other structures

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6
Q

Oral cavities (salivary secretions)

A

Where digestion begins
Moistens and lubricates food
Dissolves food
Forms a bolus (compact ball of food)
Antibacterial actions

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7
Q

Where is salvia produced from

A

Parotid salivary glands (25%)
Sublingual salivary glands (5%)
Submandibular salivary glands (70%)

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8
Q

Outline the oesophagus swallowing reflex

A

Tongue pushes food bolus into back of the mouth against soft palate, triggers swallowing reflex
Movement of bolus down oesophagus through relaxed upper oesophageal sphincter by peristaltic contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle layers
Passes through diaphragm and then lower oesophageal sphincter into stomach

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9
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Movement of digestion of a bolus, consistent through GI tract oesophagus, stomach and intestines by smooth muscles

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10
Q

Outline the functions of the stomach

A

Store up to 1L of food and liquid
Secrete hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus
Mechanical breakdown of injected food + secretions= chyme

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11
Q

Outline rugae

A

Deep folds that gradually relax as material enters permits 20-fold expansion in volume without increase in i tragasteis pressure (receptive relaxation)
Accommodates extra material entering without increasing pressure

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12
Q

Outline the small intestine

A

Continued digestion and absorption of nutrients
Cell surface-bound enzymes on intestinal wall
90% of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine

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13
Q

Name the three sections of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejnum
Ileum

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14
Q

How is the small intestines surface area increased

A

Circular folds, villi and micro villi within duodenum and jejnum

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15
Q

Where does the duodenum receive secretions from

A

Recieves secretions from the liver gall bladder and pancreas
Liver releases bile, hepatocytes- hepatoduct to bile duct and pancreatic duct.

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16
Q

Function of bile

A

Aids the digestion and absorption of lipids through two processes
-emulsification
-formation of micelles

17
Q

Outline the large intestine

A

Consists of cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon and rectum
Sphincter protects small intestines from bacterial contamination and retrograde flow

18
Q

Functions of the large intestine

A

Re absorption of water and salt from chyme
Storage, drying and compaction of faecal material prior to defecation

19
Q

Outline the gut micro biome

A

More bacteria in gut than there are cells in the body
Ferment dietary fibre- fatty acids for absorption
Synthesise vitamins

20
Q

Name the accessory organs

A

Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas

21
Q

Where is the fungus and what gland is in it

A

Top area of stomach
Oxyntic gland- release acid
Parietal cells- chief cells

22
Q

Where is the antrum and what gland is in it

A

Bottom area of stomach
Pyloric gland area- release hormones into blood/capillaries
G cells- D cells

23
Q

What is gastrin

A

A hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion and motility, and so is released into mucosal blood vessels

24
Q

Gastric acid function

A

Kills infested bacteria
Denatures proteins- particle breakdown
Converts pepsinogen to pepsin- protein digestion

25
Q

Outline enteric system

A

Self regulate GI system- allow to change to local pH change quickly
Recieves input from sympathetic and parasympathetic systems aswell

26
Q

Name the phases of regulation of gastric secretions and stomach emptying

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

27
Q

Outline the cephalic stage

A

Initiated by smell/taste, chewing
Prepares stomach for the arrival of nosh
Involves higher brain centres- vagus nerve, parasympathetic centre

28
Q

Outline the gastric stage

A

Initiated as food arrives in stomach
Response to changes in pH, osmolarity and distension within stomach
Changes chemical environment and allows for stretch of the stomach

29
Q

Outline the intestinal stage

A

Initiated in duodenum
Slow things down to enhance efficiency of absorption of nutrients within the small intestine due to acidity and controlled measure

30
Q

Outline ghrelin

A

‘Hunger hormone’
Released from enteroendocrine cells within gastric glands, acts on hypothalamic arcuate nucleus to stimulate appetite, gastric secretions and motility

Intergrated Human Physiology (5 decks)

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