Endocrine

Question 1

When did brown sequard carry out his extraction experiment

Answer 1

1889

Question 2

When did brown sequard carry out his extraction experiment

Answer 2

1889

Question 3

Definition of a gland

Answer 3

Epithelial tissue derivatives specialised for secreting

Question 4

Definition of secretion

Answer 4

Biochemical release from a particular type of cell upon stimulation

Question 5

Definition of endocrine

Answer 5

-internal secretion
-secretion enters the bloodstream
-ductless gland

Question 6

Definition of hormones

Answer 6

‘chemical messengers” secreted into blood by endocrine glands in response to an appropriate signal, and exerting their effects on target cells that have receptors that bind with the hormone

Question 7

How to classify hormones

Answer 7

-based on solubility
-based on structure

Question 8

How do you classify a hormone based on their solubility

Answer 8

• hydrophilic or water soluble
• lipophilic or lipid soluble

Question 9

How do you classify a hormone based on their structure?

Answer 9

• peptides
• amines
• steroids

Question 10

Outline differences between peptide and steroid hormones

Answer 10

Peptides:
-produced by normal protein synthesis machinery
-travel in blood in solution
-cannot enter cells
-bind to cell surface receptor
-fast acting

Steroids:
-produced by modification of cholesterol by enzymes
-travel in blood bound to plasma proteins
-enter cells easily
-intracellular receptor
-act on DNA to alter cell function
-slow acting

Question 11

What are the roles of the endocrine system

Answer 11

-metabolism, water and electrolyte balance
-stress response
-growth & development
-reproduction
-Red cell production
-coordination of circulation and digestion

Question 12

Outline the hypothalamus and pituitary

Answer 12

Pea size
Weight 1g
Two lobes (anterior and posterior)
Connects the the hypothalamus via the pituitary stalk

Question 13

What is the HPG axis
(hypothalamus-pituiatry-gonad axis)

Answer 13

GNRH from the hypothalamus stimulates cells in anterior pituitary which stimulates production of FSH and LH

Question 14

What gland is involved in the HPT axis

Answer 14

Thyroid gland-> thyroid hormones

Question 15

What gland is involved in the HPA axis

Answer 15

Adrenal gland-> adrenocorticosteroids

Question 16

Functions of testosterone:

Answer 16

-Masculinise the reproductive tract and external genitalia during the foetal period
-promotes growth and maturation of the reproductive system at puberty
-spermatogenesis

Question 17

Function of oestrogen and progesterone secreted from the ovaries:

Question 18

Lh effect on leydig cells

Answer 18

Production on testosterone

Question 19

FSH effect on sertoli cells

Answer 19

Stimulation ofspermatogenesis

Question 20

What is the connection between the hypothalamus and pituiatry gland

Answer 20

Vascular connection

Question 21

Give the names of two thyroid hormones and what they are stimulated by

Answer 21

Triiodothyronine (T3) & Thyroxine (T4)
Stimulated by the TSH ( Thyroid stimulating hormone) which is stimulated by the TRH (Thyrotropin releasing hormone)

Question 22

Functions of thyroid hormones

Answer 22

-increasing metabolic rate and heat production
-sympathomimetic effect
-effect on cardiovascular system
-effect on growth and nervous system

Question 23

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 23

-calcium metabolism
-increases concentration of Ca2+ inn the plasma
-mobilises bone store
-reduces urine loss
-increases gut absorption
Parathyroid gland located on the back of the thyroid gland

Question 24

Outline the thyroid gland

Answer 24

-located in the neck area, over the trachea, and just below the larynx
-made of two lobes of endocrine tissues joined by an isthmus, a narrow part of the gland
-the hormone-secreting cells are arranged in hollow spheres called follicles

Question 25

Where are the adrenal glands located

Answer 25

-one above each kidney
-embedded in a capsule of fat

Question 26

Are the adrenal glands exocrine or endocrine

Answer 26

Endocrine glands

Question 27

What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Answer 27

Steroid hormones- cortisol, aldosterone and androgens

Question 28

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 28

Catecholamines- adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 29

What is the HPA axis

Answer 29

Controls only cortisol production from adrenal cortex

Question 30

What does cortisol do?

Answer 30

Increases blood glucose, blood. Amino acids and fatty acids to enable fuel metabolism during stress.