(Peripheral Nervous System) All the nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord - Somatic Nervous System (SNS) - Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - Sensory Nerves

Nervous System Flashcards by Brett Kitterman

CNS

Brain and spinal cord
(Central Nervous System)

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PNS

(Peripheral Nervous System)

All the nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Sensory Nerves

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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Controls voluntary movement, thus it stimulates skeletal muscle (movement you CAN control)

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Controls involuntary movement (movement you CAN’T control), thus it stimulates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

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Sensory Nerves

Nerves that send sensory information to the CNS (from the PNS)

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Nervous tissue
(Definition and two main types of cells within nervous tissue)

Group of cells working together to control the body

neurons
glia (aka neuroglia)

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Neuron (nerve cell)

(Function and 3 types of neurons)

Function: receives stimuli THEN sends nerve impulses to other cells

Types of neurons:
1. Sensory neurons: sends nerve impulses to the CNS (sends sensory info)
2. Motor neurons: sends nerve impulses to muscles and glands (sends motor info)
3. Interneurons: sends nerve impulses from neuron to neuron (processes info)

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Glia (neuroglia)

(Function and 4 types)

Supports neurons (they do not send nerve impulses)

Astrocyte (in CNS): makes the blood-brain barrier to protect CNS from toxins
Microglia (in CNS): phagocytosis to remove unwanted substances
Oligodendrocyte (in CNS): makes the myelin sheath in the CNS
Schwann Cell (in PNS): makes the myelin sheath in the PNS; makes neurilemma in the PNS

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Glioma

A tumor of glia: the tumor can be any of the four types (astrocyte, microglia, oligodendrocyte, Schwann cell)

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Cell body

Contains the nucleus and most organelles

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Dendrite

Receives stimuli from other neurons or from sensory receptors (the cell body receives stimuli also)

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Axon

Transmits nerve impulses

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Synaptic knob

Releases neurotransmitters

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Myelin Sheath

Made by wrapping a plasma membrane around an axon (MANY times)

Functions:
- electrical insulation
- increases the speed of nerve impulses

Made by:
1. Schwann cells in PNS
2. Oligodendrocytes in the CNS

*MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS is a disease of myelin sheath in the CNS

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Node of Ranvier

Gaps between myelin sheaths

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Neurilemma

The outer layer of Schwann cell nucleus and cytoplasm

Function: makes a tunnel to guide the healing of injured axons (axon grows in tunnel approx. 3 inches/month)

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Nerve vs tract

Nerve: bundle of axons in the PNS
Tract: bundle of axons in the CNS

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Ganglion vs nucleus

Ganglion: group of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
Nucleus: group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

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Gray matter

area where there are many neuron cell bodies

Function: processes information

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White matter

Area where there are many myelinated axons

Function: provides the “wiring” for the nervous system

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Reflex
(Definition and 2 examples)

An involuntary response to a stimulus
There are MANY reflexes in the body

stretch reflex (such as “knee jerk”)
Stimulus: stretch of a muscle
Involuntary response: contraction of muscle that was stretched
Purpose: to maintain muscle position
withdrawal reflex
Stimulus: pain
Involuntary response: pull limb away from source of pain
Purpose: protection

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Brain Stem

Contains tracts (axons or “wiring”) to connect the brain to the spinal cord

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Medulla

Reticular formation

Controls the heart, lungs, blood pressure, and consciousness

Helps control consciousness and sleep (filters out sensory info while asleep and wakes you up)

Pons

Influences breathing

Midbrain

Visual and auditory reflexes (for example, startled reflex when see or hear and explosion)

Cerebellum

Balance, coordination, learned muscle activities (playing a sport, riding a bike, touching your nose, etc)

Structures of brain stem

Medulla Pons Midbrain

Structures in diencephalon

Thalamus Hypothalamus Pineal Gland Pituitary Gland

Thalamus

The major relay station for sensation (like a telephone operator in the 1960s) It also influences emotions and alertness

Hypothalamus

The main control center for the autonomic nervous system Maintains body homeostasis by controlling many internal organs (controls hunger, thirst, sleep, body temp, etc)

Pineal Gland

Secretes melatonin (hormone that helps regulate sleep cycle)

Pituitary Gland

The master endocrine gland. It secretes several important hormones to regulate the body. It’s under the control of the hypothalamus

Cerebrum (four main lobes)

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital (Includes cerebral cortex (which has 9 specific areas to know) and corpus callosum)

Cerebral cortex

The outer layer of gray matter Function: thinking, memory, and function of 9 other areas I need to know 1. Prefrontal association area 2. Broca’s area 3. Primary motor area 4. Primary somatic sensory are 5. Primary taste area 6. Visual cortex 7. Visual association area 8. Primary auditory area 9. Auditory association are

Prefrontal Association Area

Conscious thought, creativity, personality

Broca’s Area

Controls the muscles to coordinate speech

Primary Motor Area

Controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

Primary Somatic Sensory Area

Receives sensory information from the body (touch, pain, temp, etc)

Primary taste area

Receives taste information

Visual Cortex

Receives visual information

Visual Association Area

Recognizes visual information

Primary Auditory Area

Receives hearing information

Auditory Association Area

Recognizes hearing information

Corpus Callosum

Function: white matter containing tracts (axons or “wiring”) to connect the right cerebrum to the left cerebrum Corpus callosum + cerebral cortex (and 9 subcategories to know) = cerebrum

Meninges (Definition and 3 layers)

Tough, fluid-filled protective covering that surrounds the brain and spinal cord 1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater

Dura mater

Literally means the “tough mother” It is the outer fibrous connective tissue layer Function: provides a very tough outer layer for protection

Arachnoid Mater

The middle “spiderweb-like” layer of the meninges Function: contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Pia Mater

The innermost thin layer attached to the brain and spinal cord (meninges layer)

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges…it can cause death

Cranial Nerve 2

Optic Nerve (Vision)

Cranial Nerve 3

Oculomotor Nerve (Moving eyes)

Cranial Nerve 5

Trigeminal Nerve (Sensory for face)

Cranial Nerve 7

Facial Nerve (Contracting facial muscles)

Cranial Nerve 8

Vesitbulocochlear Nerve (Hearing and balance)

Cranial Nerve 10

Vagus Nerve (Parasympathetic stimulation for most internal organs)