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Bio 100 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord
(Central Nervous System)

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2
Q

PNS

A

(Peripheral Nervous System)

All the nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord

  • Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
  • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
  • Sensory Nerves
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3
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

Controls voluntary movement, thus it stimulates skeletal muscle (movement you CAN control)

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Controls involuntary movement (movement you CAN’T control), thus it stimulates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

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5
Q

Sensory Nerves

A

Nerves that send sensory information to the CNS (from the PNS)

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6
Q

Nervous tissue
(Definition and two main types of cells within nervous tissue)

A

Group of cells working together to control the body

  • neurons
  • glia (aka neuroglia)
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7
Q

Neuron (nerve cell)

(Function and 3 types of neurons)

A

Function: receives stimuli THEN sends nerve impulses to other cells

Types of neurons:
1. Sensory neurons: sends nerve impulses to the CNS (sends sensory info)
2. Motor neurons: sends nerve impulses to muscles and glands (sends motor info)
3. Interneurons: sends nerve impulses from neuron to neuron (processes info)

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8
Q

Glia (neuroglia)

(Function and 4 types)

A

Supports neurons (they do not send nerve impulses)

  1. Astrocyte (in CNS): makes the blood-brain barrier to protect CNS from toxins
  2. Microglia (in CNS): phagocytosis to remove unwanted substances
  3. Oligodendrocyte (in CNS): makes the myelin sheath in the CNS
  4. Schwann Cell (in PNS): makes the myelin sheath in the PNS; makes neurilemma in the PNS
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9
Q

Glioma

A

A tumor of glia: the tumor can be any of the four types (astrocyte, microglia, oligodendrocyte, Schwann cell)

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10
Q

Cell body

A

Contains the nucleus and most organelles

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11
Q

Dendrite

A

Receives stimuli from other neurons or from sensory receptors (the cell body receives stimuli also)

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12
Q

Axon

A

Transmits nerve impulses

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13
Q

Synaptic knob

A

Releases neurotransmitters

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14
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Made by wrapping a plasma membrane around an axon (MANY times)

Functions:
- electrical insulation
- increases the speed of nerve impulses

Made by:
1. Schwann cells in PNS
2. Oligodendrocytes in the CNS

*MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS is a disease of myelin sheath in the CNS

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15
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gaps between myelin sheaths

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16
Q

Neurilemma

A

The outer layer of Schwann cell nucleus and cytoplasm

Function: makes a tunnel to guide the healing of injured axons (axon grows in tunnel approx. 3 inches/month)

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17
Q

Nerve vs tract

A

Nerve: bundle of axons in the PNS
Tract: bundle of axons in the CNS

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18
Q

Ganglion vs nucleus

A

Ganglion: group of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
Nucleus: group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

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19
Q

Gray matter

A

area where there are many neuron cell bodies

Function: processes information

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20
Q

White matter

A

Area where there are many myelinated axons

Function: provides the “wiring” for the nervous system

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21
Q

Reflex
(Definition and 2 examples)

A

An involuntary response to a stimulus
There are MANY reflexes in the body

  • stretch reflex (such as “knee jerk”)
    Stimulus: stretch of a muscle
    Involuntary response: contraction of muscle that was stretched
    Purpose: to maintain muscle position
  • withdrawal reflex
    Stimulus: pain
    Involuntary response: pull limb away from source of pain
    Purpose: protection
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22
Q

Brain Stem

A

Contains tracts (axons or “wiring”) to connect the brain to the spinal cord

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23
Q

Medulla

Reticular formation

A

Controls the heart, lungs, blood pressure, and consciousness

Helps control consciousness and sleep (filters out sensory info while asleep and wakes you up)

24
Q

Pons

A

Influences breathing

25
Q

Midbrain

A

Visual and auditory reflexes (for example, startled reflex when see or hear and explosion)

26
Q

Cerebellum

A

Balance, coordination, learned muscle activities (playing a sport, riding a bike, touching your nose, etc)

27
Q

Structures of brain stem

A

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

28
Q

Structures in diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
Pituitary Gland

29
Q

Thalamus

A

The major relay station for sensation (like a telephone operator in the 1960s)

It also influences emotions and alertness

30
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The main control center for the autonomic nervous system

Maintains body homeostasis by controlling many internal organs (controls hunger, thirst, sleep, body temp, etc)

31
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Secretes melatonin (hormone that helps regulate sleep cycle)

32
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

The master endocrine gland. It secretes several important hormones to regulate the body. It’s under the control of the hypothalamus

33
Q

Cerebrum (four main lobes)

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

(Includes cerebral cortex (which has 9 specific areas to know) and corpus callosum)

34
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outer layer of gray matter

Function: thinking, memory, and function of 9 other areas I need to know
1. Prefrontal association area
2. Broca’s area
3. Primary motor area
4. Primary somatic sensory are
5. Primary taste area
6. Visual cortex
7. Visual association area
8. Primary auditory area
9. Auditory association are

35
Q

Prefrontal Association Area

A

Conscious thought, creativity, personality

36
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Controls the muscles to coordinate speech

37
Q

Primary Motor Area

A

Controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

38
Q

Primary Somatic Sensory Area

A

Receives sensory information from the body (touch, pain, temp, etc)

39
Q

Primary taste area

A

Receives taste information

40
Q

Visual Cortex

A

Receives visual information

41
Q

Visual Association Area

A

Recognizes visual information

42
Q

Primary Auditory Area

A

Receives hearing information

43
Q

Auditory Association Area

A

Recognizes hearing information

44
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Function: white matter containing tracts (axons or “wiring”) to connect the right cerebrum to the left cerebrum

Corpus callosum + cerebral cortex (and 9 subcategories to know) = cerebrum

45
Q

Meninges
(Definition and 3 layers)

A

Tough, fluid-filled protective covering that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
46
Q

Dura mater

A

Literally means the “tough mother”

It is the outer fibrous connective tissue layer

Function: provides a very tough outer layer for protection

47
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

The middle “spiderweb-like” layer of the meninges

Function: contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

48
Q

Pia Mater

A

The innermost thin layer attached to the brain and spinal cord (meninges layer)

49
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges…it can cause death

50
Q

Cranial Nerve 2

A

Optic Nerve

(Vision)

51
Q

Cranial Nerve 3

A

Oculomotor Nerve
(Moving eyes)

52
Q

Cranial Nerve 5

A

Trigeminal Nerve
(Sensory for face)

53
Q

Cranial Nerve 7

A

Facial Nerve
(Contracting facial muscles)

54
Q

Cranial Nerve 8

A

Vesitbulocochlear Nerve
(Hearing and balance)

55
Q

Cranial Nerve 10

A

Vagus Nerve
(Parasympathetic stimulation for most internal organs)

Bio 100 (3 decks)

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