nervous system

Question 1

stimulus is any _________in env that causes organism to ____________

Answer 1

change, respond

Question 2

stimuli r detected by __________

Answer 2

receptors

Question 3

receptors can detect ext stimuli eg eyes, ears, _______ receptors on ____ or internal stimuli eg ______________, ______________________

Answer 3

temp, skin, osmoreceptors, islets of langerhans

Question 4

nervous system has 2 main parts:

Answer 4

• central nervous system (CNS)
• peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 5

CNS consists of

Answer 5

brain & spinal cord

Question 6

PNS consists of

Answer 6

cranial nerves, spinal nerves & sense organs

Question 7

nervous system serves to ____________ & ____________ bodily activities
- ____________ in sense organs detect _________ & generate ________ __________, which r transmitted by nerves to _______
- ______ receive info from ___________, integrate & intepret the info, then initiates a _____________
- _______ ___________ r then transmitted by nerves to appropriate _____________ (either ________/________) for ____________ to be carried out

Answer 7

• coordinates, regulates
• receptors, stimuli, nerve impulses, CNS
• CNS, receptors, response
• nerve impulses, effectors, muscles/ glands, response

Question 8

nervous system made up of nervous tissue which consists of nerve cells called

Answer 8

neurones

Question 9

neurones r ____________ cells adapted for transmission of nerve impulses

Answer 9

specialised

Question 10

each neurone consists of a ______ ______ & a no. of _______ _______ (_____________ extensions from _____ _____ & r termed ______/__________ depending on direction of nerve impulse from _____ ______)

Answer 10

cell body, nerve fibres, cytoplasmic, cell body, axon/dendron, cell body

Question 11

sensory neurones transmit nerve impulses from __ to __

Answer 11

receptors, CNS

Question 12

motor neurones transmit nerve impulses from __ to __

Answer 12

CNS, effector

Question 13

relay neurones transmit nerve impulses from __ to __ inside the _____

Answer 13

sensory neurone, motor neurone, CNS

Question 14

motor end plate is formed when end branch of _____ comes into contact with muscle fibre & nerve impulses r transmitted across it by ____________ which stimulate the muscle

Answer 14

axon, chemicals

Question 15

main parts of a vertebrate motor neurone:
- _____ ______ containing nucleus & a no. of fine ______ ________: ________ transmit impulses ________ cell body, _______ transmits impulses ______ from cell body
- _________ ________ consists of __________ cells that wrap arnd ______
- _______ of __________ (in between 2 ___________ cells)

Answer 15

• cell body, nerve fibres, dendrons, towards, axons, away
• myelin sheath, Schwann, axon
• node, ranvier, schwann

Question 16

STRUC of NEURONE
1. cell body: contains ___________ & many _____________ (eg ER, GA, mitochondria, ribosomes)

Answer 16

nucleus, organelles

Question 17

STRUC of NEURONE
2. nerve fibres: __________ ___________ from cell body
- dendrons: transmit impulses _________ cell body, __________ impulses from other neurones/ receptors & usually branch into many smaller, numerous extensions called ____________
- axon: transmits impulses ________from cell body to other neurones / to __________/ _________ & r usually _______ (can be up to 1 m)

Answer 17

• cytoplasmic extensions
• towards, receives, dendrites
• away, muscles/ glands, long

Question 18

STRUC of NEURONE
3. Schwann cell
- wrap arnd ______ & ___________ of many neurones at ___________ __________
- its ____________ (neurilemma) form __________ ________, which is located outside plasma membrane of ________
- neurones enclosed in schwann cells r called _____________ __________

Answer 18

• axons, dendrons, regular intervals
• membranes, myelin sheath, axon
• myelinated neurones

Question 19

STRUC of NEURONE
func of myelin sheath: ______________ & _______________ cus presence of myelin sheath prevents loss of __________ (in the form of _____ & _____) from the _______ —> ___________ speed of transmission of nerve impulses thus myelinated neurones transmit impulses _________ than non-myelinated ones

Answer 19

protection, insulation, current, Na+, K+, axon, increases, faster

Question 20

STRUC of NEURONE
nodes of ranvier: _____ (abt 1mm) between _________ ______ where myelin sheath is __________

Answer 20

gaps, Schwann cells, absent

Question 21

STRUC of NEURONE
4. synaptic knobs
- ___________ structures found at ends of _______
- _______ nerve impulses from 1 neurone to another thru release of ____________ called _________________ which r contained in ___________ known as ______________ ___________

Answer 21

• bulbous, axons
• relay, chemicals, neurotransmitters, vesicles, synaptic vesicles

Question 22

what happens in synapse: nerve impulses relayed from ____________ _______ of 1 neurone to another neurone & ____________________ contained in ___________ __________ r released into __________ & they _________ across it to ___________ of postsynaptic neurone

Answer 22

synaptic knob, neurotransmitters, synaptic vesicles, synapse, diffuse, dendrites

Question 23

a nerve is a bundle of hundreds of ______ _______ covered by connective tissue

Answer 23

nerve fibres

Question 24

nerves may emerge from brain:
or
spinal cord:

Answer 24

• cranial nerve
• spinal nerve

Question 25

nerves may contain - _________ nerve fibres only - ________ nerve fibres only - ______ _________ & ________ nerve

Answer 25

- sensory - motor - both sensory & motor

Question 26

grey matter - consists mainly of _____ _______ of neurones - forms _______ layers of brain & _________ parts of spinal cord

Answer 26

- cell bodies - outer, central

Question 27

white matter - consists mainly of ______ _______ - forms the _________ parts of brain and ________ layers of spinal cord

Answer 27

- nerve fibres - central, outer

Question 28

each segment of spinal cord associated with pair of _________ called ________ _______ _________, which r situated jus outside spinal cord

Answer 28

ganglia, dorsal root ganglia

Question 29

dorsal root ganglia contain _____ _______ of __________ neurones & the _______ of these neurones travel into _______ ______ via the dorsal roots

Answer 29

cell bodies, sensory, axons, spinal cord

Question 30

________ roots consist of _______ of motor neurones, which bring info to periphery (basically other parts of body that can move) from _____ ______ within _____

Answer 30

ventral, axons, cell bodies, CNS

Question 31

________ roots & ________ roots come tgt and become ________ nerves

Answer 31

dorsal, ventral, spinal

Question 32

voluntary action: - -

Answer 32

- action under control of a will - may/may not have a stimulus

Question 33

involuntary action eg

Answer 33

heartbeat, digestion

Question 34

reflex action - -

Answer 34

- fast response to stimulus - without thinking/will

Question 35

eg of voluntary action: picking up peanut with chopsticks 1. eyes see peanut 2. ________ _________ sent to _______ 3. _______ calculates & predicts how u shld move yr chopsticks 4. ______ sends impulse along _______ __________ in yr ________ ______ to appropriate _______ ___________ 5. impulse sent to ____________

Answer 35

- nerve impulse, brain - brain - brain, relay neurone spinal cord, motor neurones - effector

Question 36

reflex action def:

Answer 36

an immediate response to a specific stimulus w/o conscious control

Question 37

reflex actions - spinal reflex: controlled by ________ _______ eg knee-jerk reflex - cranial reflex: controlled by ________ (but not ____________ will) & usually occur in _______ region eg pupil reflex, __________ & ______________

Answer 37

- spinal cord - brain, conscious, head, blinking, salivation

Question 38

reflex arc is __________ ___________ by which nerve impulses travel from __________ to ___________ in a ________ action

Answer 38

shortest pathway, receptor, effector, reflex

Question 39

components of reflex arc: (got 5)

Answer 39

- receptor/ sense organ - sensory neurone - relay neurone in CNS (brain/spinal cord) - motor neurone - effector (muscle/gland)

Question 40

spinal reflex: hoT pan - heat from pan _____________ ______ __________ in skin - nerve impulses generated by ___________ which r transmitted along ___________ __________ to ________ _______ - in _________ ________, impulses r transmitted across a __________ to the _______ ___________ & then across another ___________ to _______ ___________ - nerve impulses r transmitted across ____________ by release of ___________________ - nerve impulses then leave ________ _______ along ________ ___________ to bicep muscles (____________), which contract to bring the sudden & immediate withdrawal of hand - when nerve impulses from ____________ arrive at ________ ________, the ________ neurone also transmits it to the ________ (_____ part of reflex arc) --> _______ aware of what's happening

Answer 40

- stimulates temp receptors - receptor, sensory neurone, spinal cord - spinal cord, synapse, relay neurone, synapse, motor neurone - synapses, neurotransmitters - spinal cord, motor neurones, effector - receptor, spinal cord, relay, brain, not, brain

Question 41

reflex action occurs ________ than voluntary action

Answer 41

faster

Question 42

stimulus for reflex action will ________ result in the ________ response while stimulus for voluntary action _______ always result in the ________ response

Answer 42

always, same, won't, same

Question 43

nervous system involves ________ ___________ & chemicals (________________) while endocrine system involves ____________

Answer 43

nerve impulses, neurotransmitters, hormones

Question 44

impulses r transmitted by ____________ while hormones r transmitted by ________

Answer 44

neurones, blood

Question 45

nervous systems usually have ________ responses while endocrine system usually have _________ responses

Answer 45

quick, slower

Question 46

responses from nervous system r _____________ while responses from endocrine systems may be ______/_____________

Answer 46

short-lived, short/long-lived

Question 47

nervous system may be ____________/______________ but endocrine system is _________ _____________

Answer 47

voluntary/involuntary, always involuntary

Question 48

nervous system is usually ____________ while endocrine system tends to affect ___/_____ target _____

Answer 48

localised, 1/more, organs